Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Governmental policy regarding minorities in society A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES Or then again A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY Presentation Generally, there have been contentions about what Affirmative Action (AA) truly is. The premise of the contention generally, discusses the goal(s) of AA. Is the objective of AA to eradicate past disparities for the handicapped, minorities and additionally ladies without fight? Or then again is Affirmative Action a culture or soul that rewards decent variety and contrasts? Essentially there are two definitions or ways of thinking for AA. The main way of thinking is that AA is an umbrella term for laws and approaches that the United States Executive, Judicial, and administrative bodies have commanded. In particular, AA is a progression of social approaches and rules that control exercises and laws with the essential aim to accomplish value and increment open door for all. The second school of however is that AA is an umbrella term characterizing a more extensive arrangement of exercises whereby open and private establishments willfully join practices and polices to build assorted variety, opportunity and value. Under this way of thinking, AA is in soul and an institutional arrangement. The goal of this paper is to address the genuine and significant contentions of the two ways of thinking. Also, this paper will deliver issues comparative with deciding if AA is vital instrument for the downfall of segregation and the arrangement of equity and whether AA should be kept up, adjusted or ended. I. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Background A. A Brief History of AA in the United States of American As opposed to prevalent thinking, the idea of AA really started preceding the official request marked by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The idea of AA started upon the marking of Amendment XIII of the Constitution. 1. The Late 19the and Early twentieth Century America started to manage the disparities and absence of equity for mean of African average during the 1800s. As I would like to think, the underlying and most huge strategy or law comparative with AA was Amendment XIII to the Constitution. The thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither subjugation nor automatic bondage, aside from as a discipline for wrongdoing whereof the gathering will have been appropriately sentenced, will exist inside the United States, or wherever subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1). Further refered to, â€Å"Congress will have capacity to uphold this article by suitable legislation†, (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 2). While the plan of the thirteenth amendment was to annul subjection and start the long procedure of just and equivalent rights for every single American resident.

Multilingual learners in Primary classrooms Essay

Multilingual students in Primary study halls - Essay Example The outcome is one which makes an inconvenience to understudies that are bilingual and in a particular natural setting. Breaking down the approaches, rehearses and instructive necessities of understudies that are in a bilingual setting assists with building up a more grounded relationship to the stuff to work inside this setting. Perceptions of the Bilingual Classroom The main idea drew nearer is one which originates from perceptions of the study hall and the manner by which understudies communicate in a bilingual setting. While watching the study hall, I found that there were invite signs and strategies used to control understudies. These were in various dialects, which demonstrated a particular degree of help and capacity to grasp decent variety. The signs reached out to various learning materials, for example, body parts and days of the week, all which were set up in various dialects. The following portrayal was of the instructors and staff. There was no foundation dialects of sta ff utilized outside of English. The primary language was utilized constantly in all occasions. It was likewise noticed that there were not books in different dialects, with the desire that understudies ought to have the option to peruse in English. To attempt to keep with the assorted variety of the homeroom, understudies were put in bunches named via planets, all which depended on the assessment of learning. This permitted understudies who didn't communicate in English as a first language to have he capacity to work at their own pace. This shows there is a grasping of assorted variety and culture in the study hall. In any case, the educator capability and capacity to address the issues is one that is right now not being met. Strategies for Bilingual Children The assorted variety in study halls follows with arrangements which are normal for bilingual youngsters. The approaches that have been utilized for the training of bilingual youngsters depend on the perceptions made through gat hering guidelines and insights which have been seen inside this. Through an ongoing examination, it was noticed that bilingual kids who had just progressed in the language had more grounded outcomes and upgrades than other youngsters. Increasingly significant, schools which were progressing into higher numbers as far as execution had the option to address a greater amount of the issues of bilingual kids while making standard outcomes inside the requirements for understudies. The investigation directed by the Department of Education likewise demonstrated that the hole with bilingual understudies originated from the capacity for educators to have a feeling of certainty and skill with the understudies. This specific perspective would start to close the holes of learning while at the same time making more prospects with the learning activities for bilingual students. Like perceptions in the study hall, this shows the hole is with instructor assorted variety, absence of learning material s and substitute materials that lead to the learning holes (Department of Education, 2007). The creation under the Primary National Strategy in 2004 has attempted to change the holes with approaches and projects which are required by area. The systems have joined with finding various approaches to work with educators while offering new projects for understudies who are bilingual to become familiar with the required materials. The approaches depend on deliberately finding new arrangements that don’t permit kids to be abandoned inside the educational system while setting principles and necessities for offspring of assorted foundations to have similar accomplishments. The idea utilized depends on

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was conceived on July 28th, 1929 in East Hampton, Long Island. Jacqueline’s mother was Janet Lee Bouvier, an exceptionally aspiring horseback rider. Jacqueline was nicknamed "Jackie" after her dad, Jack Bouvier. Youthful Jackie’s guardians were an off coupled. Her dad had an expected fortune of 7 million dollars and Janet originated from a well off family likewise, her dad had been director of the leading body of Chase National Bank. Asides for the Bouviers riches, the other thing they were generally noted for was their magnificence, Jack specifically. His thin nose, wide set blue eyes, gleaming dark hair and strong form earned him the portrayal as "drippingly handsome". Jack’s front line senses, darkness, and love for wonderful young ladies earned him the epithet " Black Jack". Janet, who was sixteen years more youthful than Jack was not as lovely as he was attractive. Janet didn't have a showgirl attractiveness however she was said to have had an intriguing look. She was modest and had a to some degree energized look to her. Her nose and jaw were long and pointed. When Jackie was conceived it was cheerfully noticed that Jackie looked like Jack Bouvier. (Birmingham) Despite the fact that Janet Lee’s family was wealthy, they were not individuals from the regarded most noteworthy social position similar to the Bouviers. Janet carried on with her existence with a steady feeling of anxiety due to this distinction in lineage.(Birmingham) Since Black Jack was known for having unpredictable monetary history, James Lee, Janet’s father, offered to permit Janet and Jack to live lease free in a structure he claimed. This offer went under one condition. Jack would need to reduce his ostentatious way of life. (Heymann) On March third 1933, the Bouvier family was finished by the introduction of Jackie’s sister, Lee. At the point when Lee was conceived, Jackie was not, at this point the infant of the family.She invested the vast majority of her energy tending and riding her pony. Jackie likewise exceeded expectations in school. She was wise to the point that she discovered all her basic evaluation fill in as exhausting. Janet had once expressed that, "Jackie’s scholarly desire ran in front of her ordered age." (Heymann) Before long issues started happening between Black Jack and Janet. Jackie has never spoken about her parent’s marriage issues however they are thought to have emerged on account of cash. At the time Black Jack was und... ...e style. The position of safety way of life was difficult to acquire. The press was continually inquisitive if Jackie had any new love interests. At that point on October twentieth 1968, Jackie wedded Aristotle Onassis on the Greek island Scorpios. Aristotle was her sister’s ex, yet he was likewise the most extravagant man on the planet. Their relationship was fleeting. The couple had various tastes and their relationship had been censured from the earliest starting point. In walk 1975, Aristotle was anticipating separating Jackie, before he could do so he passed on. After his passing, Jackie turned out to be extremely rich. She required something to possess herself with so she turned into an editorial manager with Viking Press. After two years she moved over to Doubleday Press. In December on 1993, Jackie was determined to have non-Hodgkins lymphoma. She was treated for the ailment with chemotherapy until May of 1994. In may she proclaimed that she needed to come back to her home to bite the dust. On May 19, 1994, at 10:15 a.m., Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis passed on encompassed by her loved ones. Her burial service occurred at St. Ignatious Loyola church, a similar church where she was sanctified through water. She was later covered in Arlington burial ground close to John Kennedy.

Education reality Essay

Dealism Idealism is the otherworldly and epistemological regulation that thoughts or considerations make up crucial reality. Essen? partner, it is any way of thinking which contends that the main thing really understandable is cognizance (or the substance of awareness), though we never can be certain that mama? er or anything in the outside world truly exists. In this way, the main genuine articles are mental en es, not physical things (which exist just as in they are seen) Progressivism Progressivist accepts that distinction, progress, and change are basic to one’s educa? on. Accepting that individuals gain best from what they consider generally pertinent to their lives, progressivist fixates their educational programs on the necessities, encounters, interests, and abili? es of understudies. Progressivist instructors take a stab at making school interes? ng and valuable by arranging exercises that incite interest. In a progressivist school, understudies are air conditioning? vely learning. The understudies cooperate with each other and create social quali? es, for example, coopera? on and resistance for di&erent perspectives. Essen? alism It is an educa? onal reasoning whose disciples accept that youngsters ought to learn theâ tradi? onal essential subjects altogether and thoroughly. In this philosophical way of thinking, the point is to ins? ll understudies with the â€Å"essen? als† of scholastic information, enac? ng a straightforward methodology. Essen? alism guarantees that the amassed intelligence of our civiliza? on as educated in the tradi? onal scholarly trains is given from educator to understudy. Such teaches may incorporate Reading, Wri? ng, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathema? cs, Science, Art, and Music. Besides, this tradi? onal approach is intended to prepare the psyche, advance thinking, andâ ensure a typical culture. Authenticity Realism, at its least difficult and generally broad, is the view that en es of a particular sort have an objec? ve reality, a reality that is totally ontologically autonomous of our theoretical plans, linguis? c prac? ces, convictions, and so on. Therefore, en es (counting unique ideas and universals just as progressively solid items) have a presence free of the demonstration of percep? on, and free of their names. Reconstruc? onism Social Reconstruc? onism is a way of thinking that underlines the tending to of social ques? ons andâ a mission to make a be? er society and overall majority rules system. Reconstruc? onist instructors center around an educational plan that features social change as the point of educa? on. Existen? alism It depends on the view that people de3ne their own significance throughout everyday life, and attempt to make ra? onal choices regardless of exis? ng in an irra? onal universe. It centers around the ques? on of human presence, and the inclination that there is no reason or explana? on at the center of presence. It holds that, as there is no God or some other extraordinary power, the best way to counter thisâ nothingness (and henceforth to 3nd importance throughout everyday life) is by grasping presence. Pragma? sm Pragma? sm is a rejec? on of the possibility that the func? on of thought is to portray, speak to, or reflect reality. Rather, pragma? sts believe thought to be a result of the interac? on among living being and condition. Accordingly, the func? on of thought is as an instrument or apparatus for predic? on, air conditioning? on, and critical thinking. Pragma? sts battle that most philosophical topicsâ€, for example, the nature of information, language, ideas, which means, conviction, and scienceâ€are all best saw regarding their prac?â cal uses and triumphs as opposed to as far as representa? ve precision Perennialism Believe that one should show the things that one esteems to be of everlas? ng per? nence to all individuals all over. They accept that the most significant themes build up an individual. Since subtleties of actuality change continually, these can't be the most significant. Accordingly, one should show standards, not realities. Since individuals are human, one should show 3rst people, not machines or methods. Since individuals are individuals 3rst, and laborers second if by any means, one should show liberal points 3rst, not voca? onal points.

Changes to Womens Rights Since 1945

Women’s rights have changed altogether after 1945 as thoughts that show ladies are second rate compared to men were being nullified to make a progressively equivalent society. Business, legislative issues and social change were factors that have been modified. Without these changes, Australia would at present be a sex †isolated society with defended thoughts that a women’s place is in the home. Preceding 1945, women’s rights were restricted in regions of work, legislative issues and social change. Ladies were relied upon to be housewives who were not qualified for a similar pay as men since society had a cherished thought that men sufficiently required to help a spouse and children.Also, ladies had constrained chances to voice their interests and interests out in the open places and endured against damaging family circumstances. This started to change when women's activists began to libber against these disparities. Work before 1945 demonstrated numerous imb alances among people because of contrasts in wage and out of line rights. The Equal Pay Case of 1972 was an occasion that started during the 70’s because of disparities of wages among people. The Whitlam government presented the lowest pay permitted by law for the two sexual orientations as a beginning for correspondence in the workplace.Another thing the Whitlam Government presented was free tertiary instruction for all ladies permitting social versatility. This opened ways to a more extensive scope of occupations like medication, nursing, or law and allowed ladies to be free. The Anti Discrimination Act of 1985 was a law made to preclude segregation dependent on sexual orientation or pregnancy for everybody from businesses to colleagues or in open territories. In spite of the fact that the equivalent compensation case was not a total achievement, presenting the lowest pay permitted by law, free tertiary instruction and the counter segregation act was a significant accomplis hment in changing women’s rights.Women had restricted voices to talk about issues of equity in governmental issues. This changed when women's activists, for example, Germaine Greer composed and urged ladies to be politically dynamic. The Women’s Electoral Lobby (WEL) was shaped in 1972, which pushed for childcare and maternity leave. In 1975, the Whitlam Government chose a women’s delegate Elizabeth Reid for address women’s rights in the political field. Governmental issues has changed enormously since 1945 as ladies legislators began to revitalize for women’s rights. Social change was a significant change in women’s rights from 1945 as various thoughts and perspectives were being voiced to drive change.In 1961, the presentation of the Birth Control Pill was a significant occasion that influenced many common laborers ladies. This pill allowed ladies to assume responsibility for their own body and lives as they would now be able to move into the workforce without the issues of leaving because of conceiving an offspring. Additionally, the new laws like the No Fault Divorce of 1975 and the changing of the assault laws in 1981 helped ladies get away from injurious connections and precluded men from separating from their mate for reasons unknown. The presentation of the pill and new laws gave ladies more control and security to ladies and this was a significant change in women’s rights from 1945.

[Guest Post] Olivia S. 20 en Monterrey

[Guest Post] Olivia S. ‘20 en Monterrey While some of us have spent the first week of freedom from classes doing essentially nothing (Im @ing myself), other MIT students have hit the ground running with meaningful projects such as the one that the brilliant Olivia S. 20 describes below. Enjoy the read! _,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,_ Monterrey, Nueva León, México- After finals, I decided to immediately flee the country, which is what I did through the Big Dreams program. I stumbled into this opportunity by accident when scrambling for a summer UROP by the direct funding deadline (weve all been there). When my soon-to-be supervisor, Dr. Abel Sanchez, saw on my resume que yo hablo español, he asked if I wanted to join a teaching innovative that he founded. Big Dreams started last year with 50 girls, 2 teachers, and 1 city. This year it is 600 girls, 30 teachers, 60 local TAs, and 6 cities. Next year, we plan to grow 10-fold again to more countries, but then the growth pattern will (likely) pause. Speaking of patterns, Patrones Hermosas or Beautiful Patterns is the name of the curriculum that is being taught in all of these locations. The curriculum is designed around algorithmic thinking; the first day we dove right into the stable matching problem. First, the girls worked with decks of cards to match 4 Reyes (Kings) and 4 Reinas (Queens) while trying to maximize the happiness of the matches based on the preferences of the royalty. Each group came up with their own method, some strategic and some less so, about how to solve this problem. Déspues, I, my co-teacher, Nidhi, and Aracely, our wonderful TA, taught the algorithm that can always be used to maximize happiness, called Gale-Shapley. Here is a picture of the girls working on this problem: Livin The Dream with Gale-Shapley The rest of the week was dedicated to more offline exercises in the morning, and coding exercises in the afternoon. There definitely were some bumps in the road, the language barrier being one of the biggest ones. Luckily, most of my Spanish came back from high-school and I was able to communicate with the girls and get around in the city in a mix of Spanglish. Translation only went awry once, when I tried to order fried plantains at a restaurant banana on a plate Computer science education, especially to young girls, is a cause that everyone involved with Big Dreams cares about and wants to see improve. Tech companies like Softtek, which is where I taught, who are opening their doors y cafeterías to this type of initiative are role-models for the rest of the industry. Thank you to Rosario and Hilda at Softtek for taking care of everything this week. Aracely, the best TA ever, in the funky chairs at Softtek Graciás a la University of Monterrey for hosting us on your beautiful campus. Thank you to Abel and the rest of the organizers for making this happen. Oh, and to Monterrey para las montañas Priya in the Sierra Madre Pankhuri and me in Barrio Antiguo Post Tagged #summer

Domestic Violence Hypothesis

Hypothesis Dissertation Based on research and statistics, it is known that domestic violence toward Asian women is pervasive. Twelve present of Asian and Pacific Islander women reported experiencing physical assault by an intimate partner at least once during their lifetime (Jaden Tonnes, 2000). Unfortunately, documented reports of abuse most likely under-represent the number of abused women due to the secretive and victimizing nature of domestic violence. Asian women may come from various cultural backgrounds, including Philippines, India, China, Korea, Thailand, and Japan to name few. Domestic violence is a devastating social ill that occurs much too frequently, particularly more so in cultures that emphasize the importance of upholding the family name. This ideation may often lead to enmeshed families who emphasize positive family attributes while minimizing or even denying negative aspects of the family environment. Further, stigmatizing issues such as domestic violence are most likely minimized or overlooked by other family members. In result, it may also be true that Asian women are discouraged from relying on friends outside of the family for support and assistance. Views of women in Asian countries may also contribute to the rate of domestic violence in Asian communities. Women have historically been looked upon as less valuable, able and intelligent in comparison to me. This view of women, although somewhat altered within most recent years, continues to be a global obstacle in the advancement of women. This view is particularly held strong in Asian communities, where it continues to be more widely accepted. Additionally, based on the views of the Asian population, womens advocate programs may be scarce ornonexistent. In areas where programs do exist, it may be extremely disloyal to the family to report instances of abuse or any other negative occurrence within the family home. Based on what is already known about victims of stranger violence, the effects of domestic violence appear to be dually devastating. An environment that is first assumed to be safe and comfortable is instead replaced by one that is tainted, ever threatening and without solace. Possibly the only support system the victim may have assumed to have is now stripped from her and replaced with fear and loneliness. The effects of this type of isolation usually lead to decreased self-esteem and increased feelings of shame and guilt; which may cause a ripple effect in many other areas of the victims life. Due to abuse, she may feel she cannot achieve her educational and/or career goals. She may be isolated from family and friends due to the perpetrators fear that they may find out she is being abused. The victim may feel tremendous shame and guilt for staying in an abusive relationship and thus, subjecting her children to such a volatile environment. Lastly, and most critically, the abuse can lead to the victims severe harm and many times even death. Literature Review In order to best understand the nature of domestic violence, it is vital to mention that the population being addressed is not homogenous one. Rather, when describing abused women, this description includes women who are physically and/or mentally disabled; it includes women who can and cannot read; and it includes women who do and do not speak the language of the country they are living in. It also includes women who come from any gamut of financially impoverished to very affluent backgrounds; and women who may be homemakers caring for young children to extremely successful career women. Additionally, although the focus of this piece of research relates to Asian women, it is valuable to note that women of all ethnicities are at risk of becoming victims of domestic violence (Yoshioka, 2001). Domestic violence advocates have investigated abusers patterns so that victims and advocates can better comprehend abusers pathological behaviors. The cycle of violence is a portrayal of the cyclical behaviors of abusers. It is described as three main phases. The first phase describes how the abuser becomes increasingly angry, which may include antagonizing the victim, calling her names and demeaning her. Avery large part of abuse is in the form of verbal and emotional attack. The abuser may tell the victim that she deserves the abuse and even state that she likes the abuse. He may tell her that no one else would want her. In the second phase, the abuser hurts his victim by inflicting physical and/or sexual acts toward her. Soon after violent episodes, the abuser will apologize for hurting his partner and may make promises he does not intend to keep, such as never hurting her again or promising to seek help. The abuser may also attempt to smooth over the situation by lavishing his partner with gifts. Unfortunately, the abuse does not stop there and instead, he will continue to repeat the cycle (Domestic Violence Awareness Project, 2005). Knowing that the abusers behaviours are part of a maladaptive cycle is useful in informing victims of this cycle. In this way, they do not begin to internalize the abuse and do not learn to believe that the abusers verbal, physical and sexual abuse is granted. Instead, understanding the abusers dysfunctional method of relating allows victims to attribute the abuse to the abuser instead of their own shortcomings. With this knowledge, victims are able to heal from the abuse and regain a feeling of self-worth (Yoshiaka, 2001). It is widely believed that Asian women of many regions are highly susceptible to lives of subjugation and servitude to their partners. This belief is attributed to a variety of cultural factors. It is hypothesized that women remain in abusive relationships due to the stigma that is placed on them if they leave their partner. In order to preserve family dignity, respect and honour, women many times do not speak out against abusive situations. In fact, due to the powerful traditional practices enforced within Asian communities, extended family members who do have knowledge of the abuse encourage women to tolerate the abuse. In a study by How (1990), she sought to examine the impact of domestic violence within the Asian population, specifically within Southeast Asians including Laotians, Khmer, Vietnamese, and Chinese. The researcher found that the impact of traditional Asian values such as close family ties, harmony and order do not necessarily send the message that abuse is unacceptable. Instead, women are expected to play a submissive role that includes values of fatalism, perseverance and self-restraint. Victims feel that if these qualities are maintained, they are showing respect to their families and bringing them great honour. Ultimately, victims feel they are honourable women who are fulfilling their spousal duties (How, 1990). Within the Asian-Indian population, the definition of relationship is nearly synonymous with marriage due to the cultures belief in arranged marriage. Arranged marriage is the practice in which parents select their childrens future husband or wife. Potential mates are then allowed to provide their input about his or her potential husband or wife. A lasting marriage is a symbolism of honour and respect, which in turn reflects upon the entire family. This is especially important for other siblings within the family, whose chances of being arranged depend greatly on their female siblings compliance to their husbands. Additionally, for couples who have female children, women may endure the abuse in order to protect their daughters name, or reputation. Otherwise, if the family secret is exposed or the woman leaves the relationship, a victims daughter may never have a chance of getting married because her family name is now tainted. Some Indian brides suffer dowry related abuse. A dowry is a material exchange given to the grooms family by the brides family in exchange for the grooms family inviting the bride into their family. Sometimes, the grooms family will demand more dowry money or other assets such as livestock, cars or jewelry. If the demands are not fulfilled, the bride may be severely mistreated physically, verbally and sexually by her new groom and in-laws (BBC Network, 2006). The article Domestic Violence and Asian Immigrant Women by M. Yoshioka(2001), explores the Asian communitys attitudes toward domestic violence. The researcher also desires to understand psychosocial factors regarding domestic violence within this population. Specifically, the study was developed to look at three areas that involved abuser approval of abuse: situation-specific approval of violence; endorsement of male privilege; and perceived alternatives to abuse. The setting of the study takes place in New York, which compels the researcher to pose questions regarding Asian families views and struggles with domestic violence in the context of an immigrant country. Yoshiaka also implemented an assessment tool that was specifically created to gather information about attitudes regarding abuse titled, the Revised Attitudes toward Wife Abuse Scale (RAWA),which was developed by Yoshiaka and Dania (1999). In order to develop this assessment tool, 650 surveys of Chinese, Cambodian, Korean, Vietnamese, and South Asian adults were gathered. Immigrant families contend with many obstacles. Abusive environments further complicate the hurdles that exist for women who are taken out of their familiar homeland elements. Based on these dynamics, victims of abuse in this type of environment are further isolated due to possible separation from family of origin, language barrier, and lack of knowledge about the host countrys view of abuse and provision of supportive services. Researchers found that it is a complex interweaving of cultural, environmental, and interpersonal factors that contribute to the possibility for domestic violence within the immigrant population. They identify values such as privacy, honour, self-restraint, harmony, and order (Hosted, 1984; Hu Chen, 1999; Kerkrade, Tang, Westwood, 1991; McLaughlin Braun, 1998) as factors that may minimize the severity of domestic violence within the culture (Ho,1990). Additionally, immigrants support system is usually left behind in their homeland, which strips them of supportive family and friends who could otherwise support and advice victims. Further, they may not be knowledgeable of the support services available in their host country. Another factor that contributes to isolation is a possible language barrier (Das Dasgupota Warrier, 1996). Lack of command of the host countrys language could be absolutely devastating and fearful for a victim who is already isolated from a support system and familiar environment. Results from the study showed that gender, ethnicity and witness to parental abuse were factors contributing to greater acceptance of wife abuse. Males were more likely to endorse abuse, particularly Cambodian men when compared with Chinese men. Additionally, children who witnessed their mothers being abused were more likely to view abuse as acceptable. Researchers made a final and significant point, stating that although Asian immigrants are categorized within one category, there are apparent differences in Asians views of spousal abuse. Methodology In describing domestic violence toward Asian women and its effects, it was first necessary to describe what a victim is like. Unfortunately, the general public assumes that a battered woman is most likely quite vulnerable in that she is uneducated, passive and weak. Some even believe that a victim enjoys the abuse. Many people wonder why an abused woman does not simply leave her relationship. The reality is that anyone could be a victim, regardless of age, race, disability status, financial status, and education. This is why it was important to describe the profile of a victim at the beginning to emphasize that there is no typical profile. Anyone could become victim to abuse by simply trusting that her partner will care for her with respect. Victims could also be boys and men, however, for the purpose of this research, this population was not addressed to any capacity. Additionally, cultural norms of other ethnicities were not explored duet the focus of this research being solely on Asian women. However, some of the studies included in this research included comparative data between Asian women and women of other nationalities. The cycle of violence was also explained. It is a critical factor in understanding abusers behaviours for the purpose of providing services to abusers and especially to provide victims with an understanding of what they are experiencing and why. Many sufferers of domestic violence are told what is deficient in them. Over time, they begin to believe these untruths. In investigating the intricacies of domestic violence and how it affects the Asian population specifically, it was important to provide examples of various cultures norms regarding the views and treatment of women. Although all Asian countries cultural norms and sub-cultural idiosyncrasies were not described within the context of this research, some cultures customs were explored. Although it is important to obtain an exhaustive understanding about various Asian cultures it is vital to acknowledge that several idiosyncrasies exist within each country, every city and even every subculture. Thus, it was important to explore research that explained this factor of culture. Further, its difficult to generalize that one particular culture or sub-culture has a set template of norms, therefore, descriptions of cultural norms were described with care and consideration. It should be noted that when speaking of any given culture, it is not to be assumed that the description exclusively applies to each and every person within particular culture. Therefore, application of cultural norms should be understood with the idea that no one culture is completely homogenous. All in all, it is important to have a balanced understanding of cultural norms that do not over-generalize a culture and yet do take into consideration that there is a majority view about most issues. General data on domestic violence was quite accessible. Many forms of information exist that assists in understanding the nature of abuse and its effects. There is also a wealth of information about the type of support available to victims of abuse and perpetrators. The Internet Isa plentiful source for finding local agencies and support groups relating to domestic violence. Information was also discovered through various modes of literature books, journal articles and magazines. Visual media can also be accessed via Internet, videotape, DVD and television programming that advocates for victims rights and disseminates other information for advocates, victims and perpetrators. Due to the directed nature of this piece, it was necessary to not only search for general information about domestic violence, but instead, there was a need for materials about domestic violence within the Asian population. With this need came the task of finding out as much as possible about the many categories of Asians that exist and to also find the most amount of information about each category and sub-category. This was found to be a gruelling task, because contrary to belief, there are several classifications within the category known as Asian. Compounding this point was the lack of abundant information regarding domestic violence in various Asian cultural contexts. Additionally, little information was found about supportive services within many Asian communities, most probably due to the cultural views regarding keeping personal information within the family and also duet the accepting views toward abuse. Fortunately, much of the information found did include the many facets of violence within the Asian population, such as provision of statistical data of how many women of various cultures reported spousal abuse; perpetrators views about abuse; perpetuation of these views duet cultural beliefs about abuse; long-term effects on abused women and children; availability of treatment; treatment modalities; and laws that now protect women against violence. Discussion The devastating effects of domestic violence have been brought into the forefront of popular culture only within the past twenty years ago. Since then, and probably long before on a smaller scale, advocates have been working vigorously to service domestic violence victims and expose the horrific nature of its effects. This has included conducting research with women, children and perpetrators; attempting various forms of therapeutic modalities to address the after-effects; provision of abuser services; and exposure of domestic violence through written and visual media. Through these efforts, victim advocates have provided support to thousands of women who otherwise would either continue to live a life of isolating despair or alternatively, lose their lives to domestic violence. Unfortunately, the amount of information and support services that are available vary widely based on victims geographical location, largely due to the level of tolerance toward domestic violence. Naturally, the more a society believes an act is a crime, the more intensive the work toward ending it. However, other factors exist that inhibit further research toward ending violence against Asian women. Many Asian countries are horribly impoverished and do not have the means to either conduct necessary research nor provide protection and services to women and their children. Victim advocates contend with many hurdles under these types of conditions. Funding is not available to do the necessary work involved. In supporting women who are or have suffered domestic violence, the need for many levels of support is needed. Women who are currently in an abusive relationship are most likely stripped of many basic needs and resources. For instance, abused women may not have access to finances, a car or other transportation, food supply, proper clothing and medical care. In order for domestic violence advocates to provide for these needs, they must have the proper financial backing. With financial resources, food pantries could be created, medical care could be made available, shelters could be built and transportation could be provided to important locations such as homes of supportive family, friends, and religious institutions. For women who decide to leave abusive relationships, services such as transitional living could be made available. Providing a safe living environment would be paramount for Asian women, particularly due to the lack of support received by family members, immediate family included. If a woman were to leave her husband to seek out the support of immediate family, the victim would be turned away in most cases and encouraged to return to the abusers home. This suggestion is based on the familys unwillingness to dishonour the family name by having daughter who left her husband. Further, they do not want to offend the grooms family by displaying their disapproval toward the abuse. Women who decide to leave their partner also require additional support services such as referrals for educational and vocational services. If they have children, they may need childcare services so that the women can seek employment to support themselves and their children. Education related to cultural views about abuse is also necessary. Its important to debunk societal norms that accept abuse. For an Asian woman, leaving her spouse is directly contradictory to everything she learned about achievement of life goals since she was a child. From childhood, many Asian parents clearly define their daughters role in society as children, as adolescents, and ultimately, as adults. The ultimate goal is to marry into a distinguished, successful family that is willing to accept a deserving woman into their lives. Being trained in this way for essentially all of their lives, it is often complicated task for an abused woman to understand why she is worthy of making her own choices and living her life in the way she chooses, which includes being free of any level of abuse. As stated earlier in the Method section, it was mentioned that there was not ample research in the area of domestic violence in the Asian community. This is not to say that there is not enough to support those who would like to know more about domestic violence. However, there seems to be a great need for extensive research and investigation into the many cultures within the Asian population and the effects of domestic violence in these communities. By further understanding the nature of abuse in this context, service providers are able to more effectively provide the type of services needed by Asian women. Conclusion Domestic violence research in the Asian population is still in its infancy. Considering that fact that domestic violence has not been intended to for so long provides a time frame that suggests that although there is not an abundance of work toward attending to Asian victims, there have been some concrete efforts in its progression. Delving into the intricacies of domestic violence within this population is no easy task, and will not be going forward. There are many hindrances to gaining swift and accurate information about Asian womens suffering, although it is urgently needed. One of the biggest hurdles that have been discussed within this research is Asians cultural views regarding secrecy of family troubles. A woman is not only betraying her husband if she discloses abuse, but she is also shaming both her in-laws and her family of origin by disturbing the family structure and name. Although some parents would provide their support in a situation such as this, most would not. Therefore, the victim knows she has nowhere to go. Not only is family name at stake. Compounding this pressure is the fact that women are not highly regarded within most Asian cultures. Therefore, no one considers her desires and needs. Instead, she must does she is commanded, which usually involves fulfilling caretaking responsibilities for other members of the family. A woman in Asian society is considered similarly as a child. She does not have many skills that would be useful other than household responsibilities, she must be watched, and she is not knowledgeable about many subjects. Based on this outlook, how is it possible to fathom that she may need to be attended to properly? For any social change to occur towards the treatment of Asian women, it is a necessity that views of women themselves also change. In speaking of women who suffer from spousal abuse, it is vital to discuss the effects of abuse of others in the home that are also experiencing the abuse. Children are particularly susceptible to inaccurate methods of dealing with life circumstances due to inexperience. Therefore, those who are also experiencing abuse or even witnessing it learn that violence is the answer to lifes obstacles. Further, children of abused women do not have high regard for their mothers due to their observation that she is being mistreated by their father. Thus, they too learn to become abusive toward their mothers, and in turn continue to repeat the cycle of abuse. In essence, they inherit this devastating method of dealing with life throughout childhood and on into adulthood. Children who were once victims and/or witnesses of domestic abuse now become the perpetrators, simply due tithe lack of knowledge that alternatives exist. Intervention is absolutely necessary to protect abused women. However, for long-term gain, intervention is also essential. Without an outlook toward the future, there will be no end to violence, but instead only bandaging of pain and suffering that has already occurred. There is no guarantee that prevention work will decrease the prevalence of domestic violence in Asian families, particularly due to strong views opposing the idea of regarding women equally. However, there is great possibility that given time, views will change and progress will be made. It is a difficult yet courageous and commendable feat to attempt to eradicate abuse from the lives of Asian women. However, as seen within this research, the reality currently remains that leaving relationship may not appear to be the most appealing option for women who have received life-long training to dedicate their lives to servitude to their spouses. Additionally, they also know that there are few positive alternatives to leaving their spouse. They may be destitute with no support from their families of origin. They have no source of financial or emotional support. They may risk ever seeing their children again. And most regrettably, they are endangering their lives by attempting to leave. Thousands of cases are reported in the United States and United Kingdom stating that women have lost their lives to spousal abuse. In these countries, most people agree that thesis a horrible tragedy and work toward changing the occurrence of such heinous crimes. Alternatively, Asian communities have very high tolerance and indeed acceptance of domestic violence to the extent that very few people openly show their disgust against it. In fact, it is encouraged and applauded. It is seen as being a well-deserved and appropriate punishment. Women can well expect being burned to death on account of their parents inability to pay off the grooms family. Adwoman can be openly beaten without neither family nor strangers attempting to put an end to it. How then can it be stopped? Ending an evil such as this without a sense of social responsibility is extremely difficult. Further, work with abusers is nearly impossible, knowing that this method of relating to partners has been cultivated and accepted in the minds of Asian men. Moreover, because the Asian community believes in resolving familial issues amongst each other, many abusers would not be receptive to counselling. Even in the case that an abuser agreed to seek counselling, other family members may not be supportive of this type of resolution, instead viewing it as disloyalty and abandonment of the family. Due to the abundance of obstacles to ending violence in the Asian community, it becomes clear that abuse toward women within the Asian population will surely be maintained for now. However, it is also hopeful to state that progress will be made, based on the progress that has already been achieved. Although progress is very slow and despite the many fears that they are contending with, it is encouraging to know that women have begun speaking out against abuse. References BBC Asian Network (2005). Asian women and domestic violence. www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/hh/awadv. . Das Dasgupota Warrier. (1996). Domestic Violence in the South Asian Immigrant Community. Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless,9:3. 173-185. Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, USA. Domestic Violence Awareness Project of the National Resource Centre on Domestic Violence (2005). Domestic Violence Awareness: Action for Social Change. Pennsylvania Coalition Against Domestic Violence. How, C. K. (1990). An analysis of domestic violence in Asian American communities: A multicultural approach to counselling. Women Therapy, 9(1-2), 129-150. Hosted, G. (1984). Cultures consequences: International differences in work related values, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. Kahlo, L. R. (1983). Social values and social change: Adaptation to life in America. New York: Pager. Kerkrade, Tang, Westwood. (1991). McLaughlin, L.A. Braun, K.L. (1998). Asian and Pacific Islander Cultural Values: Considerations for Health Care Decision Making, 23.Health and Social Work. Millender, A. Rethinking Domestic Violence: The Social Work and Probation Response London: Rutledge. 1996. Rodriguez, M; Quahog, S; and Bauer, H.M. (1996). Breaking the silence: Battered womens perspectives on medical care, 5, 3. Yoshioka, M.R. Domestic Violence and Asian Immigrant Women. https://www.columbia.edu/cu/csswp/research/desriptions/Yosh.htm. . Yoshioka, M.R., Shibusawa, T. (2004). Psychosocial Measures for Asian Pacific Americans. In A. Roberts K Yeager (Eds.),Evidence-based practice manual (pp. 488-495). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Yoshioka, M.R., Dania, J., Ulla, K. (2001). Attitudes toward marital violence: An examination of four Asian communities. Violence against women, 7(8), 900-926. Jaden, P., Tonnes, N. (2000). Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence: Research Report. Washington, Declinational Institute of Justice and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.

Migrant Workers as Outsiders in Of Mice and Men Essays

‘Of Mice and Men’ is a novel written by John Steinbeck. The novel is set in the 1930s, where the Great Depression years occurred and had a huge impact of many lives in California. California was struggling not only with the economic problems of the Great Depression but the severe labour strife too. ‘Of Mice and Men’ has an explicit context, because of the social and political events during the 1930s America. This also creates the climate of the novel. Hardship and homelessness ran through the country, creating many problems that ordinary people had to face. ‘Of Mice and Men’ also follows the careers of two men, George and Lennie, who dream of a better life on their own farm. Steinbeck wrote this novel because he had strong†¦show more content†¦An outsider is a person who does not fit in well with everyone else in a particular environment or society. The outsiders I have chosen are George, Lennie and Crooks, purely because they are the only characters who are different from the rest. George is an outsider because he is like a father-figure to Lennie. He always looks after him, and this is significant throughout the novel. As evident, George keeps looking out for Lennie to ensure everything is okay and there are no problems with him or anyone else. George knows Lennie is big and strong, and after the incident in Weed, he takes more care into ensuring Lennie is not having any difficulties settling in with the other people in the ranch. Steinbeck included George in the novel to show how people similar to George had to live every day of their lives knowing that it was going to be tough. George tries his best at protecting Lennie and so orders Lennie to be careful in what route he chooses, and then gets mad at Lennie when he disobeys. This creates a sense of rebellion between both him and Lennie, who yells at George for being too mean. For example, in chapter 1, George is seen talking to Lennie aggressively using foul language, â€Å"You crazy son-of-a-bitch. You keep me in hot water all of the time†. These conflicts relate to Steinbeck’s portrayal of life in this period of time. AShow MoreRelatedJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1275 Words   |  6 Pagesconnect to each other. The novella Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, is a story about Lennie and George, two migrant workers in the Salinas Valley, California. These friends stick together through the troubles of the Great Depression and survival in a world where differentiating qualities threaten these two workers’ hopes and dreams. There are three main deaths in this work, whether real or metaphorical, that are portrayed with primary themes. The novel The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton, is about PonyboyRead MoreAnalysis Of John Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men 1476 Words   |  6 PagesCurley’s Wife Mice of Men Of Mice and Men is a novel set in the 1930’s based upon the hardship and rough times of the great depression. It was written by Nobel prize winning novelist John Steinbeck. Steinbeck’s life influenced his literature, as he was in identical situations as the character he describes in his novel. Steinbeck was a migrant worker who also conveniently grew up on a ranch. He also wrote another book called ‘The Grapes of Wrath’ during this time period. We can imagine that his ownRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1312 Words   |  6 Pagesof its uselessness. In S.E. Hinton’s The Outsiders, there are three major deaths occurring in the novel: Bob, Johnny, and Dally. Similarly, in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, there are also three major deaths of Candy’s dog, Curley’s wife, and Lennie. The Outsiders is a story depicting the life of Ponyboy Curtis, who is struggling to find his place in the world while battling the rival gang, t he Socs. Of Mice and Men is a story of two migrant workers, George and Lennie, who are bound togetherRead MoreThe Theme Of Loneliness In Of Mice And Men By Stienbeck1596 Words   |  7 Pages In the book Of Mice and Men the author Stienbeck captures life,segregation,friendships and rivalries all wrapped in one. For instance when Curley’s wife says â€Å"Listen nigger† she said â€Å"you know what I can do if you open your trap?† (80). That portion of the scene reveals just a slight representation of what life as a black man in the 1930’s was like on the farm. Candy, Curley’s wife and Crooks are three very different people who live on a farm with other workers and acquaintances, yet somehow experienceRead MoreEssay on Analysis of John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men2005 Words   |  9 PagesAnalysis of John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men    Steinbecks ‘Of Mice and Men’ is a novel about people, their dreams, relationships and disappointments.   The characters are diverse and represent a cross section of society during the American Depression of the 1930s.   The novel is set in Steinbecks birthplace of Salinas Valley, California, and it is at the ranch where he grew up that we meet the majority of characters.   There are three specific locations in the novel where most of theRead MoreJohn Steinbeck s Of Mice And Men1485 Words   |  6 Pagesdeaths occurring in them. In S.E. Hinton’s The Outsiders, there are three major deaths occurring in the novel: Bob, Johnny, and Dally. Similarly, in John Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men, there are also three major deaths: Candy’s dog, Curley’s wife, and Lennie. The Outsiders is a story depicting the life of Ponyboy Curtis, who is struggling to find his place in the world while battling the rival group, the Socs. Of Mice and Men is a story of two migrant workers, George and Lennie, who are bound togetherRead MoreJohn Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pageswhat he experienced through his travels with the migrant workers. His method was not to present himself notebook in hand and interview people. Instead he worked and traveled with the migrants as one of them, living as they did and arousing no suspicion from employers militantly alert against agitators of any kind. (Lisca 14) John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath was derived from his personal experiences and his journeys with the migrant workers. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 inRead More John Steinbeck: Experiencing the Dust Bowl Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pageswhat he experienced through his travels with the migrant workers. â€Å"His method was not to present himself notebook in hand and interview people. Instead he worked and traveled with the migrants as one of them, living as they did and arousing no suspicion from employers militantly alert against â€Å"agitators† of any kind.† (Lisca 14) John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath was derived from his personal experiences and his journeys with the migrant workers. John Steinbeck was born on February 27, 1902 inRead More The title of the novel Of Mice And Men refers to how dreams often go1884 Words   |  8 PagesThe title of the novel Of Mice And Men refers to how dreams often go wrong. Discuss how John Steinbeck achieves this. Question 3-The title of the novel Of Mice And Men refers to how dreams often go wrong. Discuss how John Steinbeck achieves this. One of the main themes that runs through Of Mice And Men is of dreams and how they go wrong. The title of the book is very appropriate to this theme as it comes from a poem by Robert Burns called To A Mouse, On Turning Up Her Nest With TheRead MoreThe Crucible and the Mice of Men Essay2059 Words   |  9 PagesThe Crucible and Of Mice and Men John Steinbeck’s novel, Of Mice and Men, and Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, both have similarities and differences that appear through the history of the United States, prejudice, and also through the themes. Of Mice and Men and The Crucible, share the similarity of teaching the history of the United States throughout the pieces. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, the reader will be able to learn the history of the United States through the writing style of

Top Characteristics of Ancient Civilizations

The phrase top characteristics of civilization refers both to the features of societies that rose to greatness in Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, Chinas Yellow River, Mesoamerica, the Andes Mountains in South America and others, as well as to the reasons or explanations for the rise of those cultures. Complexity of Ancient Civilizations Why those cultures became so complex while others faded away is one of the great puzzles that archaeologists and historians have attempted to address many times. The fact that complexity happened is undeniable. In a short 12,000 years, humans who organized and fed themselves as loosely associated bands of hunters and gatherers developed into societies with full-time jobs, political borders, and detente, currency markets and entrenched poverty and wristwatch computers, world banks, and international space stations. How did we do that? While the hows and whys of the evolution of civilizations are up for debate, the characteristics of burgeoning complexity in a prehistoric society are pretty much agreed upon, falling roughly into three groups: Food, Technology, and Politics. Food and Economics First importance is food: if your situation is a relatively safe one, chances are your population will grow and youll need to feed them. The changes in civilizations regarding food are: the need to produce a stable and reliable source of food for your group, whether by growing crops, called agriculture; and/or by raising animals for milking, plowing or meat, called pastoralismincreasing sedentism—advanced food technologies require people to stay close to fields and animals, leading to a reduction in the amount of movement people need or can do: people to settle down in one place for longer periodsthe ability to quarry and process tin, copper, bronze, gold, silver, iron and other metals into tools to support food production, known  as metallurgythe creation of tasks that require people who can dedicate part or all of their time to complete, such as textile or pottery production, jewelry production and referred to as craft specializationenough people to act as a workforce, be craft specialists and require the stable food source, referred to as high population densitythe rise of urbanism, religious and political centers, and socially heterogeneous, permanent s ettlementsthe development of markets, either to meet the demands of urban elites for food and status goods or for common people to enhance the efficiency and/or economic security of their households Architecture and Technology Technological advances include both social and physical constructions that support a growing population: the presence of large, non-domestic buildings constructed to be shared by the community, such as churches and shrines and plazas and collectively known as monumental architecturea way to communicate information long distances within and outside of the group, known as a writing systemthe presence of a group level religion, controlled by religious specialists such as shamans or priestsa way to know when the seasons will change, by means of a calendar or astronomical observationroads and transportation networks that allowed communities to be connected Politics and People Control Finally, political structures seen in complex societies include: the rise of trade or exchange networks, in which communities share goods with one another, leading tothe presence of luxury and exotic goods, such as baltic amber), jewelry made from precious metals, obsidian, spondylus shell, and a wide variety of other objectsthe creation of classes or hierarchical posts and titles with different levels of power within the society  called social stratification and rankingan armed military force, to protect the community and/or the leaders from the communitysome way to collect tribute and taxes (labor, goods or currency), as well as private estatesa centralized​ form of government, to organize all those various things Not all of these characteristics necessarily have to be present for a particular cultural group to be considered a civilization, but all of them are considered evidence of relatively complex societies. What is a Civilization? The concept of a civilization has a fairly grubby past. The idea of what we consider a civilization grew out of the 18th-century movement known as the Enlightenment, and civilization is a term that is often related to or used interchangeably with culture. These two terms are tied up with linear developmentalism, the now-discredited notion that human societies evolved in a linear fashion. According to that, there was a straight line that societies were supposed to develop along, and ones that deviated were, well, deviant. That idea allowed movements such as kulturkreis in the 1920s to brand societies and ethnic groups as decadent or normal, depending on what stage of the societal evolution line scholars and politicians perceived them to have achieved. The idea was used as an excuse for European imperialism, and it must be said still lingers in some places. American archaeologist Elizabeth Brumfiel (2001) pointed out that the word civilization has two meanings. First, the definition arising from the grubby past is civilization as a generalized state of being, that is to say, a civilization has productive economies, class stratification, and striking intellectual and artistic achievements. That is contrasted by primitive or tribal societies with modest subsistence economies, egalitarian social relations, and less extravagant arts and sciences. Under this definition, civilization equals progress and cultural superiority, which in turn was used by European elites to legitimize their domination of the working class at home and colonial people abroad. However, civilization also refers to the enduring cultural traditions of specific regions of the world. For literally thousands of years, successive generations of people resided on the Yellow, Indus, Tigris/Euphrates, and Nile rivers outliving the expansion and collapse of individual polities or states. That sort of a civilization is sustained by something other than complexity: there probably is something inherently human about creating an identity based on whatever it is that defines us, and clinging onto that. Factors Leading to Complexity It is clear that our ancient human ancestors lived a far simpler life than we do. Somehow, in some cases, in some places, at some times, simple societies for one reason or another morphed into more and more complex societies, and some become civilizations. The reasons which have been proposed for this growth in complexity range from a simple model of population pressure—too many mouths to feed, what do we do now?—to the greed for power and wealth from a few individuals to the impacts of climate change—a prolonged drought, a flood, or tsunami, or a depletion of a particular food resource. But single-source explanations are not convincing, and most archaeologists today would agree that any complexity process was gradual, over hundreds or thousands of years, variable over that time and particular for each geographic region. Each decision made in a society to embrace complexity—whether that involved the establishment of kinship rules or food technology—occurred in its own peculiar, and likely largely unplanned, way. The evolution of societies is like human evolution, not linear but branched, messy, full of dead ends and successes not necessarily marked by the best behavior. Sources Al-Azmeh, A. Concept . International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Ed. Wright, James D. Oxford: Elsevier, 2015. 719–24. Print.and History of CivilizationBrumfiel, E. M. Archaeology of States and Civilizations. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Ed. Baltes, Paul B. Oxford: Pergamon, 2001. 14983–88. Print.Covey, R. Alan. Rise of Political Complexity. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Ed. Pearsall, Deborah M. New York: Academic Press, 2008. 1842–53. Print.Eisenstadt, Samuel N. Civilizations. International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition). Ed. Wright, James D. Oxford: Elsevier, 2001. 725–29. Print.Kuran, Timur. Explaining the Economic Trajectories of Civilizations: The Systemic Approach. Journal of Economic Behavior Organization 71.3 (2009): 593–605. Print.Macklin, Mark G., and John Lewin. The Rivers of Civilization. Quaternary Science Reviews 114 (2015): 228â₠¬â€œ44. Print.Nichols, Deborah L. , R. Alan  Covey, and Kamyar Abdia. Rise of Civilization and Urbanism. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. Ed. Pearsall, Deborah M. London: Elsevier Inc., 2008. 1003–15. Print.

Demand And Supply Of Labor - 1040 Words

The demand and supply of labor is determined by the labor market. There are two players in the labor market: the workers and the firms. All workers will supply their labor to firms in exchange for wages paid by the firms to produce manufactured Items. The need for laborers is comprised of the firms need to produce any given number of products to supply the consumers demand. Because of this, the labor market directly affects supply, demand, and the price of manufactured items. Of the three resources of production (land, labor,capital), the labor segment is the most important. Specifically, labor Unions and how they affect the labor market, how skills and education effect the labor market, and the fluctuating employment rates. First,†¦show more content†¦Industrial capitalism was leading the way and did not share the same ideology and vision of the labor movement. According to the heritage.org, labor unions today harm the economy because they function as labor cartels. Labo r cartels restrict the number of workers allotted in a company or industry resulting in an increase in wages for the union workers. Just as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) attempts to cut the supply of oil to raise its price, companies pass on those higher wages that have to be paid to the union members to consumers through higher prices, and often earn lower profits, as reported by James Sherk, What Unions Do: How Labor Unions Affect Jobs and the Economy. Companies today have less power to increase prices on consumers without going out of business. Labor unions are also effective at taxing company investments through the negotiation of higher wages for their members causing a decrease in profits. Companies that are unionized, counter the negotiations through reduced investments, thus making the companies less competitive in the market. The graph below provided by heritage.org, displays union vs. non-union manufacturing employment trends. Because of this, j ob opportunities are reduced and the economy suffers. (1) Research has shown that unions make for a slower economic recovery. Over the long run, business investment is reduced due to labor cartels

The Idea Of Natural Selection - 872 Words

The idea of anthropocentrism provides comfort to humans. It posits that in this messy, incomprehensible world, we are still the central species. This idea allows, and even encourages, humans to view the world through a very anthropological lens and assume that, because we are the dominant and most important species, nature works in human terms and is the domain of man. The idea of creationism is very anthropocentric itself. In the Hebrew Bible, man was created before all other animals and designed in God’s image. He was given domain over nature by God as well. This idea of human supremacy and exceptionalism has persisted into modernity, but the advent of Darwin’s evolutionary theory altered human’s perception of themselves and the natural world. The typical belief in human dominance was shaken through Darwin’s idea of natural selection and evolution which posited that humans, just as all other species â€Å"descended from some one prototype† (484). The descendants of this one prototype evolved based on natural selection. Evolution led to the creation of all organisms, living and extinct, including humans. The theory of evolution challenged the ideas of human exceptionalism and anthropocentrism by including humans in the same category as all other organisms, organisms that we as humans feel superior to. In evolutionary theory, humans become simply another species that managed to survive the â€Å"struggle for existence† rather than a master of nature created in the image ofShow MoreRelatedTheory Of Evolution By Natural Selection896 Words   |  4 PagesSummary Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. According to history, Charles Darwin is the first scientist to frame the theory of evolution by natural selection. It was publish in his book title On the Origin of Species 1859†. Darwin express the theory of evolution by natural selection as a process by which species change over a period of time. This change take place because of the changes in genetic and behavioral traits. The ability of the organisms to change over time or adjust to fit environmentalRead MoreHow Natural Selection Has Shaped The Modern Mind1575 Words   |  7 Pagesdesign or natural selection. The notion of whether or not divine design or natural selection is the result of an organisms faculties has sparked significant debate since Darwin first proposed his theory of natural selection in the mid-nineteenth century. Even though there is a substantial amount of empirical evidence supporting natural selection, some theologist are still not entirely convinced that Darwin’s theory explains the progressio n of mankind. Thus, this paper will explore how natural selectionRead MoreThe Origin Of Species Revolutionized The Way That Changed Through Time With Natural Selection And Divergence Of Geographical Isolation1624 Words   |  7 Pagesany scientist, previous theory’s and ideas from historians or other scholars are used in part to form the basis of understanding of new information (Klyve, D. k. 2014). The understanding of evolution as we see it today comes from many areas of the world amid varying time periods. The most famous and current understanding is that of Darwin, in 1859 his book On the Origin of Species revolutionized the way we see life and its continuity through natural selection. In this essay I will look at a projectRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1577 Words   |  7 Pagesfields of studies in the nineteenth century. In 1831, Darwin embarked on a British government-sponsored voyage on the HMS Beagle to the coast of South America and several remote is lands in the Pacific, where he closely observed the landforms and natural species that were native to these parts of the world, which he had never encountered before. Upon confronting these previously unidentified species, he made numerous observations, took copious notes in his journals and collected meticulous samplesRead MoreEssay about Evolution1502 Words   |  7 Pagesliving organisms. To account for the adaptations of organisms and those innumerable features that equip them for survival and reproduction, Darwin (and Wallace) independently came up with the central theory of evolutionary process: natural selection. Natural selection gives insight in to why organisms are the way that they are. Adaptations are phenotypic variants that result in the highest fitness among a specified set of variants in a given environment. In reference to humans, there are manyRead MoreJohn Darwin s Natural Selection879 Words   |  4 PagesDarwin wrote a book â€Å"Natural Selection† and it was fun for me to read because his theories on natural and life evolutions are fascinating to learn. The idea that members of a species complete with each other for resources and that individuals that are better adapted to their lifestyles have a better chance of surviving to reproduce revolutionized the field of evolution. His idea was never approved or accepted for decades and today natural selection forms the basis for our understanding of how speedsRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution801 Words   |  4 Pagesentitled â€Å"On an origin of species†. Darwin and a fellow scientist Alfred Russel Wallace visited Galapagos Islands to formulate his ideas on natural selection. He found several species of finch adapted to different environmental niches. The finches also differed in beak shape, food source, and how food was captured. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection has 4 specific parts to it. Part one states that â€Å"More Individuals are produced each generation that can survive†. Part two states thatRead MoreThe Question Questions On Evolutionists1397 Words   |  6 Pagesmight have originated from old forms of life. Some opinions are that organisms might have not being as simple as we might have expected. This idea explains the possible for an ancestral organism to have possessed at least a remotely similar mechanism that could have made modern biological pathways possible. Other ideas revolve around the fact that natural selection (a mechanism that advocates for survival and successful reproduction) was the responsible for it, allowing mutations to modify already existingRead MoreThe Aspects Of Darwin s Life851 Words   |  4 PagesDarwin’s challenges included unintentionally contradicting his family and friend’s religious views when attempting to ex plain his theories. Unfortunately, during his time, his â€Å"truly revolutionary ideas† were regarded as â€Å"highly unorthodox, jeopardizing the church and the bible† (Darwin s Dangerous Idea 2002). Incorporating into his mindset of religion, Darwin grew frustrated when Annie Darwin, Darwin’s daughter who fell ill, passed away. Darwin was so distraught that he would not let himself enterRead MoreWhat Is The Evidence For Evolution?1363 Words   |  6 Pagesthe first person ratifying theory and so on. The Evolution theory is that the process by which different kinds of living organism are believed to have developed from earlier forms during the history of the earth such as genetic, migration and natural selection today’s descendants show an amazing amount of similarities and diversity. Evolution on a small scale is called microevolution, relating to the changes that occur such as insects becoming resistant to fly spray. Macroevolution refers to the grand

The Mind and Its Functions Free Essays

Psychology studies the mind and its functions, and biology studies living organisms and their physiology, psychobiology uses biological foundations to try and explain psychological phenomena’s. This is basically science in the branch of the biological bases of behavior and mental experiences. This is sometimes also known as biological psychology because it deals with the biological interactions such as hormones, neurotransmitters, cells and the social aspects of our environment (Where mind meets matter, n. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mind and Its Functions or any similar topic only for you Order Now d.). Psychobiologists study the physiological and evolutionary mechanisms that effect human behavior as a way to understand why the brain works the way it does. A psychobiologist has the belief that biology plays the major role in the actions and behaviors of humans. Some of the research psychobiology focuses on is positive emotions, capacity of self-regulation, social competence, and bonds made with caregivers (Feder, Nestler, ; Charney, 2009). There is some psychobiology that focuses on the impact of our genetics and environment on one’s own self, and how that can impact our mental state as well. Biological psychology is the broad overview of the sub disciplines of Comparative Psychology. Some of these similar/other names for Psychobiology would be behavioral neuroscience, and biopsychology. The differences between some of the different sub disciplines include; physiological aspects, genetics, and developmental mechanisms of behavior. These all study the stimulants, and such that impacts behavior in humans and animals and looks for the links for why certain people behave the way they do when presented with a particular stimulus. Because some people react differently and at different degrees than others, it can serve as a measurement to help gauge where they are at stimulant wise. Some of the earliest history of this comes from philosophers who believed that the brain and mind were two separate entities, other known as dualism. Dualism is a theory where the mind and brain are made of different components and materials. Where the mind is an independent material separate of any physical materials, the brain is physical a physical matter. But it wasn’t until the 19th century, when scientists started studying the brain and its components, that scientists began to argue that the mind and brain were the same thing. This is known as monism because they saw that the mind, and brain were one entity and that they could not be studied separately. There are quite a few psychologists who were in the search for behavior and its biological foundations. Some of these people who were interested in searching for this were Weber, Pavlov, and Freud. (Hergenhahn, ; Henley, pg. 567) Weber’s Law was originally done to describe the research on weight lifting by Ernst Weber who was a physiologist. It was later then applied to â€Å"measurement of sensation† by his student, Gustav Fechner, who eventually developed the law of science and psychophysics (Weber’s Law, n.d.). The statement that the relationship between the spiritual world and the physical worlds to Fechner, indicated that the spiritual world was the only world. But to others, they interpreted this as a possibility of a scientific quantitative psychology. Pavlov’s contribution to psychobiology would be his research in animal physiology, which led to an understanding in behavior and conditioning responses (Burgemeester, 2016). Freud’s influence on psychobiology would be his theory of the human mind and human behavior. He also developed a clinical technique that is made for helping people who are unhappy (The man who revolutionized, n.d.).Another person who contributed a lot to physics, physiology, and psychology would be Hermann Helmholtz. Helmholtz was a poor child who struggled with the arts in school, but read science books and practiced geometry in his free time. Though his family could not afford to send him to college, the government had a program for â€Å"gifted† children to go to med-school for free if they agreed to sign on with the army as surgeons for 8 years. Though Helmholtz agreed with his teacher Muller, they had many disagreements. They disagreed over Muller’s belief in vitalism, which in biology and physiology, the vitalism-materialism problem was similar to psychologies’ mind-body problem. Vitalism is the view that life and its experiences cannot be explained by physical and chemical processes alone. Helmholtz sided on the side of materialists who believed that no other forces such as the physical and chemical ones, are active within an organism. Basically by meaning that everything happens because of the physical aspect, and not the psychological. By believing and supporting the mechanistic-materialistic philosophy that humans had both physical and nonphysical aspects to them, they had a big influence on physiology, medicine, and psychology. By having the understand that mind, brain, and body are all separate but yet intertwined, it can help with understanding why certain interactions or medications might not work well with certain people because the way their body reacts to certain stimulants may be too much for them to handle. But that could also work for another person who may not have such a high response to a stimulant whether it be environmental, psychological, or medicinal stimulant.Phrenology is the study that the shape and size of the cranium is supposed to be an indicator of one’s character and mental abilities. Franz Gall accepted the belief that there are faculties of the mind that act on and transform sensory information. He came up with three additional things to add on to phrenology; that mental faculties do not exist to the same extent in all humans, the faculties are houses in specific areas of the brain, and that if ones faculty is well developed, a person would have a bump that corresponds to that region of the brain. But if the faculty is underdeveloped, a hollow or depression like part would be on the corresponding region of the skull. (Hergenhahn, Henley, pg. 230) Phrenology became popular in the aspect of education where the belief became that as would a regular physical muscle, a brain would get stronger with practice by stimulating those faculties of the brain. This would be called formal discipline and it is the belief that educational experiences can arrange to strengthen the specific facilities of the brain related to that subject. This encouraged further research in that the brain and mind are related and different regions of the brain hold different bouts of information. (Hergenhahn, Henley, pg. 232) Another big aspect of psychobiology would be experimental psychology; which is seeing what is physically present, and what is psychologically experienced. (Hergenhahn, Henley, pg. 237) Though there was never doubt about the existence or presence of a conscious, it was a matter of how we would measure it in a scientific aspect. It was believed that conscious sensations were triggered by brain responses, but then were originally initiated by sense perceptions. Psychophysics is the study of the relationship between physical and psychological events that occur. Weber’s Law claims that the number of a physical stimulus, that must occur because a change has occurred and results in the change of awareness or sensations. Through a various series of calculations, Fechner came to his most known formula, which he believed showed the interaction/relationship between the physical and the mental state. S= k log RThis formula basically states that for sensations to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of the physical stimulus must rise geometrically. If the change is detected it means that as the stimulus grows so does the magnitude and it keeps growing and growing afterward (Hergenhahn, ; Henley, pg. 241) Psychobiology has a lot of factors and subsections that research into it. Not only is it important to research both the psychological side and the biological side, it is important to know why and how these things interrelate. By furthering research in these fields we can make strides to better understanding how our genetics, as well as our environment impact our mental and physical well-being and how we may react to certain stimulants psychologically and biologically. How to cite The Mind and Its Functions, Papers

Information Contemporary Technologies and Decision Making

Question: Describe about the Information Contemporary Technologies and Decision Making. Answer: Inputs to decision making The main inputs include data, information as well as knowledge. The raw data may be stored in a database such that it can be searched and accessed at any time. The data should be retrieved and updated at all time. Once the information has been processed and organized, then it's now referred to as information (Orwel, 2008). The data and information can then be referred to as knowledge once it has been processed and can convey experience and expertise to an activity or to a problem that may arise. Business Analysis and Mapping tools The management of a business organization intends to start cyber caf business. They are therefore faced with the problem of identifying the necessary inputs. They would then put the necessary inputs together and proceed on with the business. Thereafter, they would wait to reap from the outcome (Orwel, 2008). The problem regarding poor information or knowledge, lack of information or knowledge transfer The poor information and lack of knowledge arise from poor decision making. One must identify the objective of his/ her business before he/she can go ahead with the businesses plan. For example, some businesses are put up from profit-making purposes while some are started for non-profit making purposes (Malmendier, 2003). Some may also be started to create employment opportunities for the family members. Public cyber caf require several computers which are connected to the internet. However, poor information or knowledge may be very misleading. There is a need for the business proprietor to be well informed about all that he/she requires to start and run the business effectively (Ehrlinger, 2005). There also the lack of information which may prove to be a major challenge. One must, therefore, acquire knowledge regarding the targeted consumers. Profits that are earned by the cyber caf would be dictated by the number of customers. There are several other problems that may arise due to lack of knowledge or information. For instance, the inputs must be put in place to run the business. If not, the business can't be initiated (Trevis Certo, 2008). Such inputs include buildings, starting capital, acquisition of internet services among others. Some managers may lay out strategic measures that may prove out to be expensive for nothing and result in losses in the end. The business may not necessarily need an expensive building or huge capital investment. However, due to lack of information an individual may end up making poor decisions regarding the choice of inputs and the transformation processes (Gilovic, 2002). 3. Decision-making issues uncertainty, biases, in personal and group decision-making Personal I have been responsible for making the decision of who was to be appointed as the acting treasurer at my workplace. The treasure to the staff welfare had just been transferred to another place. There was hence an immediate need for someone to be appointed so as to replace her. The manager requested me to nominate an individual who would then be appointed by the company to serve in the capacity. It was hence upon me to identify the right individual who would serve as the acting treasurer. The task wasn't an easy. I considered some factors and finally nominated a colleague who was eventually appointed by the manager. I felt very uncomfortable during the entire period when I had to make the decision. Several thoughts crossed my mind, but I was well in control. There were many people from whom I could choose from. The many alternatives turned out to be a challenge to me. The treasure was to be in charge of all the finances of the welfare. The position, therefore, required an individual who is faithful, determined and committed to his/her work. The feeling that I had was that if my preferred choice eventually fails in the job, then I would be blamed for having nominated a wrong person. On the other hand, I had a feeling that people would question the factors that I would consider in the nomination. I, therefore, had to consider very many factors. According to prospect theory, managers tend to avoid choices that are likely to lead to losses when there are several options (Trevis Cento, 2008). I was in the same scenario, and I had to nominate someone whom I believed had the capacity to deliver effectively in the capacity of a treasurer. I had to ignore any other person who could squander finances that belonged to the staff welfare. Several experiments have shown that people are very cautious when it comes to making decisions that can lead to losses (Malmendier, 2003). Decision makers tend to favor choices that promote gains as opposed to those that can lead to losses. Economists argue that individuals value the gains that they have already achieved more compared to those that they are yet to attain. To avoid such losses, bias may be exercised if it is the best decision (Trevis Cento, 2008). Prospect theory also states that decision makers are more likely to take a risk when the alternative choices available may result in losses . The theory hence contradicts loss aversion because it encourages the taking of risks that are likely to mitigate a loss (Chimizu, 2005). 4. Methodologies and tools for solving complex problems: soft systems, dialogue mapping, IBIS, satisficing The Provision of free internet services at the place of work can greatly contribute to improvements at the place of work. I selected a group of seven friends whom we partnered with and worked on the issue (Shimizu, 2005). We decided upon the workshopping tools that we would use. There were several choices of tools at our disposal. We finally settled on brainstorming and cost-benefit analysis after considering all of them. We brainstormed to find out whether the decision that we intended to make was of high quality or not and whether it was important or not. We also analyzed the commitment of the team towards the decision and whether there was enough information regarding the same. The group also looked at the possibility of the team supporting the decision if any other individual would have come up with it. Finally, we looked at the cost-benefit analysis to determine whether the decision was likely to be supported by the organization. The workshop was conducted for close to one hour. Finally, we concluded that the issue was important and needed to be implemented. The staff members at the workplace wasted a lot of time visiting cyber caf, seeking internet services. Provision of free internet services at the working place would save the workers more time leading to work improvement. Work improvement is one of the goals of the organization. It was, therefore, necessary to find ways of making it better and the provision of free internet services at the workplace would be a break through. The free and reliable internet services would also enable the organization's workers to exchange ideas with other well-performing organizations. The organization would also be able to reach out to their customers and engage them via electronic emails and the social media. From the engagements that we had, I learned that issues should first be discussed by the members and agreed upon before they can be implemented. 5. Contemporary technology responses Personal Decision Making Overconfidence and how it influences decision-making To make a right decision, an individual requires much more than concepts, facts, and knowledge. There is an additional requirement that that is commonly referred to as "metaknowledge." It is the extent of one's knowledge(Russo Schoemaker, 2016). The two most important things that I have learned about overconfidence are the cognitive causes of availability of bias and the confirmation of bias. I have learned that the difficulty that people have in understanding and even imagining the manner in which an event can unfold is likely to result into overconfidence. Most people are excited and become overconfidence when they develop a belief in them that they can tell the manner in which an event is likely to turn out. Such people become very disappointed when the contrary happens. Confirmation bias also causes overconfidence in that one may go out to seek for views in support for his /her view of events and failing to seek for disconfirming evidence. The result is that the people become ove r-confidence (Schoemaker, 2016). Reducing overconfidence on decision-making at workplace I use some ways to reduce and overcome overconfidence at my place of work. The first method that I use is consideration of several values. This provides me with several choices. As a result, I cannot cling to one and assume that it is the correct way in which the events are likely to conform to. The second method that I use is the belief that I have developed so far. I believe that the events taking place in the world are very unpredictable. I don't base my arguments on assumptions that events are likely to turn out in a given manner. It is important to observe patience and wait for the results of the events (Malmendier, 2003). I am very aware and alert in most cases because am the decision maker. I have to motivate the people whom I work with. However, when I get over-confidence about a given issues and then the opposite turns out, then my colleagues are likely to be demotivated. As a role model and an example to the rest I always avoid all the causes of overconfidence at all cost. References Basics of decision-making processes. Retrieved from https://essentialsofbusiness.ufexec.ufl.edu/resources/leadership/basics-of-the-decision-making-process/#.V97A8_lM8s8 Ehrlinger, J. G. (2005). People's assessments of bias in themselves and others. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,, 680-691. Gilovic. (2002). The psychology of intuitive judgment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Improving decision making. Retrieved from https://www.bizmove.com/skills/m8a.htm Malmendier, U. (2003). CEO overconfidence and corporate investment. Jornal of finance, 3-21. Orwell, G. 2008.Inputs and decision making. Retrieved from https://net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/ers0805/rs/ers08054.pdf Russo, J. E., Schoemaker, P. J. (2016). Managing overconfidence. Sloan Management Review, 58. Trevis, Certo L. T. (2008). Managers and their not-so rational decisions. Science Direct, 114. Shimizu, K. . (2005). The effects of organizational inertia. Jornal of Management, 55-60. Tim Hartnett, 2016. Consensus Decision Making. Retrieved from https://consensusdecisionmaking.org/Articles/Basics%20of%20Consensus%20Decision%20Making.html

Shakespeare Ghosts Essays - English-language Films,

Shakespeare Ghosts Shakespeare used ghosts in his plays to add flavor to them. He especially emphasized on the super naturals in the plays Hamlet and MacBeth. The ghosts in these plays were used to build up the structure of the plot. In Hamlet the ghost is King Hamlet, Hamlet's murdered father. The ghost appears four times throughout the play and is seen by many characters. Hamlet is the most influenced by the ghost, because it is his father and he is telling him to avenge his murderer. This influence by the ghost keeps the play going by becoming Hamlet's driving force to vindicate his father's murderer. The ghost infuriates Hamlet's anger of his father's murderer by telling him who it is. The murderer is Claudius, Hamlet's uncle and new stepfather. The ghost also tells Hamlet of how the murder was done. The ghost tells Hamlet to speak to his mother, but in this he tells Hamlet to be gentle and not to make any judgments because that is God's job. In MacBeth, Shakespeare used several super natural occurrences, for example a floating dagger, witches, prophetic apparitions, and Banquo's ghost. These are a few examples to show the importance of super naturals in Shakespeare's plays. In MacBeth the ghost is Banquo. Banquo was a general in MacBeth's army. The two see three witches who tell them of there future. MacBeth's future consist of becoming a king, but having no heirs to the throne. Banquo will not be king, but one of his descendants will be. MacBeth gets scared that Banquo's sons will be kings. He hires murderers to kill Banquo and his sons. The Shakespeare's Ghosts 3 murderers kill Banquo, but his son manages to escape. While the murders are taking place MacBeth is hosting a banquet for Banquo. During the banquet Banquo's ghost comes into the party and sits by MacBeth and says nothing. MacBeth sees this ghost and completely losses it. MacBeth cannot take the ghost's presence any longer and yells for him to leave. none of the other guests see the ghost, therefore leading them to believe that MacBeth has gone insane in the membrane. The differences in the ghosts in MacBeth and Hamlet differ greatly, as do the actions and reactions in which they cause. In Hamlet the ghost appears a few times and is seen by many people, it also makes requests for things to be done. In MacBeth the ghost is only seen by MacBeth and is never heard, it is there merely for intimidation. The reactions caused by the sight of the ghost differ. In Hamlet the ghost appears in full body armor dressed for battle and puts thought into young Hamlet's head. His first thought is that the ghost is sent by an evil force, but soon disregards that idea. Hamlet then proceeds to carry out the ghosts request. King Hamlet's ghost does not cause Hamlet to go insane as does Banquo's ghost did to MacBeth. The resemblances of the two ghost were mainly that both of the people represented by the ghosts had been wrongfully murdered. They both mainly influenced the main character of the play, kept the plot inline, and gave insight to the character. In conclusion, the ghost in each play were one of the most important characters. The play would not have been as clear without there insight. Therefore, one should always listen to ghost, because they provide useful information.