State and Federal objectives of punishment Essay - 1092 Words

For centuries governments have acted on behalf of society removing and punishing criminals with the goal of protecting its citizens. Criminals were arrested and locked-up in jails awaiting their sentencing. Once sentenced, they were publically humiliated, tortured, or killed. Early forms punishments were cruel and mostly focused on retribution. State and Federal objectives of punishment Today punishment is the most dominant correctional goal of both the state and federal government in response to criminality. The purpose of punishment is to protect society, rehabilitate criminal offenders, and reduce recidivism. In both the state and federal correctional institutions, their objectives are to use punishment as form deterrence while†¦show more content†¦These measures were taken to ensure public safety but are now posing a problem for our correctional facilities. Overcrowding and budgets are among the problems brought about by these measures. Both the state and federal correctional population throughout the United States have steadily seen significant increases in their population, every year for the past decades. Based on the census found on the Bureau of Justice website, the data collected between June 30th 2000 to December 30th 2005 showed that prisoners held in custody between federal and state prisons increased by 10%. (â€Å"Bureau of Justice Statisti cs†, p.1 -2) These increases are caused by a rise in recidivism, the lengthening of prison sentence, a decrease in of parole. This has also created budget issues for the operation and the expansions of correctional facilities across America. Prisons are filled beyond their capacities, and the staff is not enough to keep up with this rapid growth. In the past decades Illegal immigration has also contributed to the increased inmate populations. Budgets are not enough for the correctional systems to support community-based programs, such as parole, house arrest and, day reporting. The increase in prison population is also putting more stress on an alreadyShow MoreRelatedState And Federal Objectives Of Punishment1040 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In this paper I will go over state and federal objectives of punishment. How sentencing affects the state and federal corrections systems will also be discussed. There are two different types of sentencing which are determinate and indeterminate sentencing, and they will be defined in this paper. State and Federal Objectives of Punishment There are four different fundamental objectives of punishment. 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EnumeratedRead MorePunishment Versus Rehabiliation1445 Words   |  6 PagesPunishment Versus Rehabilitation Isabel Nevarez University of Phoenix AJS/504 Nicholas Russo August 17, 2015 This paper, I will discuss the issues of punishment versus rehabilitation. I will point out issues on how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it affects victims and their family. I will also discuss how it affects offenders, the impact it has on society, and the fiscal impact upon society. Punishment and rehabilitation helps the inmate in different ways.Read More Three Strikes Law Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesrepeat the same crimes or graduate to serious crimes (felonies). The fear of repeat offenders and the increase of recidivism ignited the federal and state governments to seek harsher ways to protect citizens’ safety. Mike Reynolds a photographer whose daughter, Kimber, was murdered in1992 during a purse snatching incident introduced the Three Strikes Law in 1993. State legislators did consider and rejected this law because they believed the measures were harsh and costly. However, the Three StrikesRead MoreProbation And Parole And Juvenile Offenders Essay1384 Words   |  6 Pagesreenter or remain in society, while they serve their sentences. Today, the probation and parole agencies in the United States handle millions and only sixty percent of probationers complete their obligations successfully. Fifteen percent of parolees eventually return to prison, suggesting that there is success in the probation and parole system. The goals of corrections include punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence of crime; supervision of criminals and preparing offenders for re-entry into societyRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences Imposed By Statute865 Words   |  4 PagesMiscarriage of justice is reflected in various states across the nation, where there are far too many occurrences where individuals have been convicted of crimes and subjected to unfair mandatory sentencing. â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes† (Famm, n.d.). â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentences imposed by statute are intended to achieve consistency in sentencing at the expense of individual consideration

Free Technology Essay Knowledge Management Free Essays

string(122) " KM concentrates on passing potentially useful information to individuals, thereby enabling incorporation of information\." Why do some knowledge-based organizations perform well in terms of innovation but less well in terms of efficiencyTo what extent can information systems help to redress this balance? ABSTRACT In this paper, focus will be given on analysing how an innovative organisation can be in-efficient. The key role of information systems in addressing this issue will be discussed. The perspectives of various researchers will be taken into consideration. We will write a custom essay sample on Free Technology Essay: Knowledge Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now The different type of knowledge management will also be discussed. The drawbacks of Knowledge Management without proper information systems will be highlighted. Keywords: Knowledge Management, information systems, knowledge management disadvantages, knowledge management innovation INTRODUCTION It has regularly been said that the knowledge based organisations are not as efficient as they are innovative. The report by the top consultancy firm, KPMG also confirms this statement. A knowledge manager of KPMG, Nagle (1999) says that one of the major challenges being faced by the firms in today’s world is how to best capture, store, retain and share the vast amount of knowledge possesses by their professionals. As per Cameron (2000), â€Å"Knowledge is power, but without the adequate management of that knowledge, the consequences for [organizations] could be devastating†. It should not come as a surprise to us that most of the firms are of the view that the key enabler for efficient knowledge management will be technology. Currently the corporate efforts are concentrated more on the group of technologies called as Knowledge Management Systems (KMS). KMS in firms assists its employees to easily access the information in a better way, share ideas and learn from previous mistakes. In theory, by facilitating the sharing of ideas, KMS improves the innovativeness of the business. However, the downside of this is that by following this process, firms become less efficient. In this process, employees tend to spend more time in doing things, discussing different ideas which results in issues in streamlining the work and doing it in an efficient manner. The central question of discussion here is how information systems like SAP or ERM can help in enhancing the efficiency of KMS. How can the implementations of a new information system can help in reduction of time wastage and simultaneously assist in making the knowledge transfer process more efficient. In this paper, first an introduction to the knowledge processes will be given. Then how the role of knowledge management evolved in organisations will be discussed. The merits of knowledge management will be highlighted. Furthermore the potential inefficiencies due to knowledge management will be discussed. Afterwards the role of information systems in curbing the drawbacks of knowledge management will be discussed in detail taking the example of few organisations who successfully implemented information systems in their organisations. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT â€Å"Knowledge Management is concerned with the exploitation and development of the knowledge assets of an organisation with a view to furthering the organization’s objectives. The knowledge to be managed includes both explicit, documented knowledge and tacit, subjective knowledge. Management entails all those processes involved with identification, sharing and creation of knowledge.† (Davenport et al, 1998). Figure 1: Knowledge hierarchy Figure 1 gives a good idea of the hierarchy of knowledge. It shows how value can be added from the raw data which are at the disposal of organisations. By following the hierarchy, it can be seen how the data become information when applied to a particular context. This perspective will be discussed in detail later on. Furthermore, that information becomes knowledge when a particular meaning is applied to it. Finally that knowledge becomes wisdom when it is used as an insight. This wisdom is then useful for any organisation. Knowledge can mainly be classified into two types: tacit and explicit knowledge. It has always been difficult to define these two types of knowledge. Tacit knowledge is basically rooted in a specific context, is subjective, highly experimental and largely unconscious. While explicit knowledge is mainly rule based, reusable and is objective. Figure 2: Tacit and Explicit Knowledge Figure 2 displays the difference between explicit and implicit knowledge when applied in the context of adding value to an organisation. It highlights the fact that the main difference between the two is use of communication in tacit knowledge. While in the case of explicit knowledge models are being used to add value. Figure 3: Types of Knowledge (Willcocks and Whitley, 2009) Knowledge can further be classified into individual level and collective level. Figure 3 shows the interaction between the types of knowledge in a matrix form. This figure further highlights the difference between the explicit and tacit knowledge. In the case of knowledge based organisation, KM can mainly be classified into two varieties. First is, IT-focussed where knowledge is an object. IT is used to increase productivity of an organisation. Firms attempt to leverage the already held data. The firm wide relationship is enabled electronically. Second variety is Human- centred where knowledge is a process which leads to creation of more knowledge. It is primarily focussed on sharing knowledge and learning and innovation. Figure 4: Interaction of Knowing and Types of Knowledge Source: Small and Sage, 2005/2006 Figure 4 shows how knowledge is applied in the context of an organisation. In this interaction, the process of ‘knowing’ remains at the core of the matrix and is used as an ‘action’. Different academics are of different views about knowledge based organisations. Pentland (1995) says that knowledge is mostly constructed socially and is shared between the participants in an organisational culture even though the participants have their own individual perspectives and views of the organisational situations. Sahay and Robey (1996) further capture on this concept in their proposal of knowledge operationalization as â€Å"social interpretation† (Schultze and Leidner, 2002). The different perspectives of knowledge in an organisational context are: knowledge vis-a-vis data and information, state of mind, object, process, access to information and capacity. To further elaborate on the same it can be said that data is facts, raw numbers. Knowledge is customized information. In this case, KM concentrates on passing potentially useful information to individuals, thereby enabling incorporation of information. You read "Free Technology Essay: Knowledge Management" in category "Essay examples" Next is the perspective of â€Å"state of mind† where knowledge behaves as the expression of knowing and interpreting. Here KM includes improving employees learning and understanding by providing information. Another perspective is that knowledge is perceived as a body to be stored and modified. Fourth is the view of knowledge being perceived as the expertise application process. The central focus of KM is over the process of creation, sharing, distribution and flow of knowledge. Fifth perspective is the knowledge being viewed as a requirement to retrieve information. The KM focuses of on methodological access to and retrieval of information. Finally knowledge is perceived as the potential to influence action. KNOWLEDGE BASED ORGANISATIONS In this section, it will be analysed as to how knowledge based organisations innovate better than the ones who are not knowledge based. Automotive industry provides a very good opportunity to examine inter-organizational learning. More than 70 per cent of the value of vehicle is developed and manufactured by OEMs and their supplier networks. As a consequence of this, the productivity of the network of firms working in collaboration is directly related to the quality and cost of the automobile. Most of the research in automotive sector shows that Japanese automotive network, in particular, Toyota has been far superior in transferring the productivity improving knowledge throughout the supply network (Dyer and Nobeoka, 2000). Figure 5: Comparison between Automotive Labor Productivity of US and Japanese Carmakers The ‘network’ of Toyota seems very effective in facilitating inter-organisational knowledge transfers (Dyer and Nobeoka, 2000). It will not be wrong to call it a model for the future of automotive industry. One of the major dilemmas which Toyota faced while implementing the knowledge management processes in their organisation is to how to do the knowledge transfers among a large number of individual members in the most efficient manner. There were appropriate conditions to take care of other dilemmas like keeping the individuals motivated enough to participate actively and curbing free riding. But the critical steps necessary for proper flow of knowledge among members was not efficient enough. While explicit knowledge can easily be codified and transmitted to a large group of individuals via meetings and other activities, transfer of tacit knowledge required strong collaboration and can probably be transferred merely to a small cluster of individuals at a particular location only(Dyer and Nobeoka, 2000). Sharing information through meetings will result in inefficiency in transfer of tacit knowledge. To counter this issue, Toyota promoted the thinking of kyoson kyoei and created a collective network-level knowledge transmission, repository and processes of diffusion. Four of the key network-level processes were: â€Å"(1) the supplier association (a network-level forum for creating a shared social community, inculcating network norms, and sharing knowledge), (2) Toyota’s operations management consulting division (a network-level unit given accountability for knowledge acquisition, storage, and diffusion within the network), (3) voluntary small group learning teams (jishuken), or a sub-network forum for knowledge sharing that creates strong ties and a shared community among small groups of suppliers, and (4) inter-firm employee transfers (some job rotations occur at the network level)† (Dyer and Nobeoka, 2000). These four critical processes managed to create an ‘identity’ of the network. Moreover it also facilitated knowledge transfer among network membe r. Figure 6: Toyota’s network-level knowledge-sharing processes Figure 6 gives a fuller picture of the knowledge sharing processes implemented in Toyota. By following these processes, Toyota managed to build robust mutual relationship with suppliers. Furthermore suppliers also started getting critical knowledge at nominal cost. As of result of this, suppliers participated in the network with a keen interest. It was not only to show their commitment towards Toyota but also to get knowledge transfers from Toyota. The more valuable tacit knowledge was being transferred in the bilateral atmosphere. This resulted in giving a powerful identity to the network. Suppliers began to correlate with the social community of the network. All this was made possible by the learning groups which resulted in strong multi-dimensional relationships. Moreover suppliers also recognised the merits of sharing of knowledge. Additionally the Toyota suppliers were also in competition among themselves in the sense that the quickest grasping supplier will most probably get business for the new model. It has been a major accomplishment for Toyota in the way they managed to â€Å"motivate all the members to participate and contribute knowledge† (Burgess, 2005) for the collective good. Organisations who are leaders in knowledge management have used extrinsic rewards (Davenport Prusak, 1998). To further substantiate this statement, experienced consultants at Ernst Young and McKinsey were evaluated, on the basis of knowledge they contribute to their organisation. These consultants are of the view that â€Å"one party has to be willing to give something or get something from another party†. They were of the view that open and organic information culture leads to larger sharing. Furthermore they also proposed that those individuals who feel that their knowledge belongs to them rather than to their organisation can be expected to share their knowledge more (Burgess, 2005). Disadvantages of KM Research has shown that the ready availability of examples for KMS users led to a significant enhancement in their problem-solving skills when compared to the skills level gained through the use of traditional reference materials (McCall et al, 2008). Results have further shown that groups having access to KMS far outperforms those working in the traditional groups. Moreover this edge vanishes when the KMS access is removed. It has also been deducted that while both the groups gain different types of explicit knowledge the traditional groups have a tendency to encode most of the rules in memory. However the KMS group manages to gain superior-level of explicit knowledge which acts as a key to tacit knowledge formulation. In the context of business, researchers have found that employees are more willing to exchange knowledge if it is related to business goals (Small and Sage, 2005/2006). They have put more emphasis on the importance of business strategy to be communicated to the employees. Another important aspect to be noted here is that the knowledge sometimes acts as a double-edged sword; though too less leads to in-efficiencies, too much can lead to rigidities that can be counterproductive in a rapidly changing world. Furthermore too little may lead to muddled social relations, too much will lead to curbing of different perspectives (Bowker and Star, 1999). According to Schultze and Leidner (2002), too little may lead to costly errors, too much may lead to undesirable answerability. IT can play a major role in all the knowledge management processes like knowledge creation, storage/retrieval, transfer and application. One of the most critical issues being faced by the organisations in today’s world is their deficiency of skill to capture and incorporate information located in different sources. While some of these are internal to an organisation (data warehouse, transaction database, knowledge portals) others are external (commercial database, credit reports, news agency announcements, etc.) (Delen and Hawamdeh, 2009). If the organisations try to integrate the multiple sources into a single unified system just for the sake of centralization of the sources of information then it leads to highly rigid systems which are not practically manageable. Some of the major reasons of the failure of KM are the multifaceted and multidimensional nature of knowledge available in an organisation. The dynamic nature and relationships between the knowledge management frameworks is also cited as one of the major reasons of failure of KMS. Role of Information Systems An efficient KMS should allow the user to easily access the explicit knowledge stored in any system that can be applied to address the issue in hand. KMS should increase the ease with which user can find a potential solution to the problematic situation. KMS makes the user relax about the need to encode the explicit knowledge in long-term memory as the knowledge components can easily be accesses by the user’s active working memory (McCall et al, 2008). There are two critical demerits of KMS which might balance out the potential of the encoding of the knowledge available explicitly. Firstly, the vast amount of information and different ways of retrieving it via KMS could lead to likely increase in the amount of mental workout to retrieve the information (Rose and Wolfe, 2000; Rose, 2005). Secondly, it is the supposed simplicity of availability. If the information is easily accessible then the user will just use it for his situation without feeling any kind of motivation to encode the knowledge. Researchers have found that many companies who have implemented Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) are of the view that the software will provide them a new chance to improve operational support and will simultaneously provide them a competitive advantage also (Irani et al, 2007). However the concept of ‘justification’ happens only at those places where every employee is made aware of the importance of the new software for the organisational sustainability. Although the resources of knowledge varies firm wide but usually it constitutes of manuals, letters, information about customers and derived knowledge of work processes. Organisations are realising that knowledge will not automatically flow throughout the company. A critical aspect of knowledge sharing is providing the right means which should work within the organisational context. Over the period of time, organisations have realised that information technology (IT) is the only means by which enterprise knowledge can be shared effectively. Video-conferencing, sharing of application and providing support electronically are some of the key enablers of knowledge sharing processes. They can provide an excellent support to the already existing infrastructure of knowledge management. Few of the major benefits of Knowledge Management systems are (1) In-valuable information can be shared throughout the hierarchy of the organisation. (2) Provides the opportunity to do away with churning out the same work thereby resulting in reduction of out-dated work. (3) New employees can be trained in a shorter period. (4) The intellectual property is retained by the organisation even of the employees’ leaves if it is possible to codify that knowledge. Some of the organisations who implemented the KMS very effectively and efficiently are MIT Open Course Ware, Knowledge Wharton. Although both of these organisations are educational institutions they provide an excellent case study of efficiently using information systems in their KM processes. The key role being played by information systems is to assist in the storage and diffusion of knowledge so that knowledge can be accessed across the space and time (Schultze and Leidner, 2002). Information systems provide visibility to the invisible work and the complexity involved in doing that work. Figure 7: KMS Success Model (Halawi et al, 2007-2008) Figure 7 shows the key role being played by information systems in the success of KM projects. Normally it is at the centre of many KM projects (Halawi et al, 2007-2008). However organisations who are implementing information systems into their KMS need to take few factors into consideration. The so-called ‘free’ exchange of knowledge is possible only in an ‘open’ corporate culture, non-departmental hierarchy. Furthermore sometimes this ‘open’ culture can act as an obstacle for employee empowerment (Irani et al, 2007). Another point to be noted about multi-faceted aspect of KMS is that an effective KMS in not just about technology. It incorporates cultural and organisational aspects as well, it is necessary to design proper metrics to access the positives of KMS (Halawi et al, 2007-2008). Furthermore an integrated technical architecture is the critical driver for KMS. Proper use of information systems will facilitate the process of knowledge transfer, assisting in both the transmission and absorption and utilisation of knowledge. Researchers have found groupware, an IT tool for working in a group is of immense help in the proper implementation of KM in organisations. Groupware helps in interpersonal communications and facilitates the transfer of tacit knowledge (Wua et al, 2010). Researchers have found that the software tools and information systems applications are very crucial for both the ‘provider’ side and ‘receiver’ side. Most of the top technology firms rely mainly on their dynamic ability to transform the knowledge in their organisation to add value to their customers. Researchers are of the view that the focus on tacit knowledge should not lead to not giving due importance to proper implementation of information systems. A proper balance needs to be found and exercised (Kalkan, 2008). In the current world, any organisation having improper implementation of information systems will be at a disadvantage position in the marketplace. Implementation of information systems should always be knowledge oriented. CONCLUSION This paper makes an attempt to analyse the role of information systems in efficient utilisation of KM. It has been highlighted as to how information systems are crucial in making an innovative organisation highly efficient. The demerits of KM without proper information systems are discussed. The efficient way in which Toyota managed its knowledge sharing using information systems within the organisation and across its suppliers has been discussed in detail. An attempt has been made to throw more light on the other aspects of proper IS implementation. Organisations should not consider that just by implementing Information systems all our problems will be solved. Information Systems should not be considered as a ‘silver bullet’. As the research area is still evolving, more future research can be done on this topic. There are further sub-categories within KM which can be researched in more detail. Those categories will further provide a detailed view of the topic. While few organisations who implemented information systems has been analysed, other organisations also need to be analysed in this regard. Furthermore the definition of innovation and efficiency can be analysed from the perspectives of organisations implementing. This will provide a broader picture of the research area. REFERENCES Burgess, D. (2005). WHAT MOTIVATES EMPLOYEES TO TRANSFER KNOWLEDGE OUTSIDE THEIR WORK UNITJournal of Business Communication, 42(4), 324-348. Cameron, P. . (2000). Managing the wealth. CMA Management, 74(9), 46–49. Davenport, T. H. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know. Harvard Business School Press. Davenport, T. H., De Long, D. W., Beers, M. C. (1998). Successful Knowledge Management Projects. Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 43-57. DELEN, D. AND HAWAMDEH, S. (2009). A Holistic Framework for Knowledge Discovery and Management. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM, 52(6), 141-145. DYER, J. H.and NOBEOKA, K. (2000). CREATING AND MANAGING A HIGH PERFORMANCE KNOWLEDGE-SHARING NETWORK: THE TOYOTA CASE. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 345–367. IRANI, Z., SHARIF, A. M. and LOVE, P. E. D. (2007). Knowledge mapping for information systems evaluation in manufacturing. International Journal of Production Research, 45(11), 2435–2457. Kalkan, V. D. (2008). An overall view of knowledge management challenges for global business. Business Process Management Journal, 14(3), 390-400. McCall, H., Arnold, V. a. (2008). Use of Knowledge Management Systems and the Impact on the Acquisition of Explicit Knowledge. JOURNAL OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS, 22(2), 77–101. Nagle, C. (1999). Research opportunities in knowledge management. Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association. Pentland . (1995). Information Systems and Organizational Learning: The Social Epistemology of Organizational Knowledge. AMIT. Rose, J. M. and Wolfe, C. J. (2000). The effects of system design alternatives on the acquisition of tax knowledge from a computerized tax decision aid. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 25, 285–306. Rose. J. M. (2005). Decision aids and experiential learning. Behavioral Research in Accounting, 17, 175–189. Schultze, U., Leidner, D. E. (2002). STUDYING KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN INFORMATION SYSTEMS RESEARCH: DISCOURSES AND THEORETICAL ASSUMPTIONS. MIS Quarterly, 26(3), 213-242. Small, C. T., and Sage, A. P. (2005/2006). Knowledge management and knowledge sharing: A review. Information Knowledge Systems Management, 153–169. Willcocks, L. and Whitley, E. A. (2009). Developing the Information and Knowledge Agenda in Information Systems: Insights From Philosophy. The Information Society, 190–197. Wua, C. H.; Kao, S. C. and Shih, L. H. (2010). Assessing the suitability of process and information technology in supporting tacit knowledge transfer. Behaviour Information Technology, 29(5), 513–525. How to cite Free Technology Essay: Knowledge Management, Essay examples

Psychodynamic Theory for Therapeutic Practice

Question: 1. In terms of topic of attachment, explain how theories can explain cognitive, social emotional development appropriate theories have been given in the table, you need to show how they link to the area of development and attachment. 2. Evaluate a study for each, which could be used within the topic of attachment to either support or refute the idea you have presented. Appropriate studies for you to evaluate have been given in the chart below. Give a brief evaluation if the theorys ability to explain development. a) Explain how a named theory can explain development b) Identify a core study c) Evaluate the chosen study and theory Cognitive Bowl by - evolutionary theory (Ensure links to cognitive approach are made) Choose either Bowlby (1994) OR Ainsworth (1971) MAKE SURE YOU EVALUATE AND NOT DESCRIBE. EVALUATION INCLUDES ATLEAST ONE POINT THAT RELATES TO THE STUDY AND ONE POINT RELATING TO THE THEORY Social Learning theory Harlow (1958) Emotional Psychodynamic theory Genie (1977) TAQ: 3 Write an essay under the following title: Explain the nature versus nurture debate, and discus how their view points can be applied to offer explanations relating to the viewpoints can be applied to offer explanation relating to attachment process between an infant and their caregiver.? Answer: Psychological Theories Key Theorists Overview of the ideas of the theory Psychodynamic Theory Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung, John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth Interaction between the motivational and emotional forces which impacts on the mental states and behavioral development of a human being (Lawson, 2010). Motivational and emotional factors impacts on the behavior of a human being and its state of mind. Psychodynamic targets at exchanging of the psychic energy Cognitive Theory Jean Piaget This theory describes the nature of knowledge and development of the intelligence of a human being from its childhood (Boulton, 2010). Cognitive development is the recognition of the growth of the experience of a human being with ages and biological mutation Learning Theory Albert Bandura, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner This theory states that learning is the process which ascertains the permanent behavioral change. Both the internal and external stimuli are responsible of ascertaining the psychological and biological changes for a human being. Psychosocial Theory Erik Erikson This theory mentions for a human being there are 8 specific stages of life which a human being is needed to pass through. From childhood to the old age, bypassing the adulthood a human being has to pass through the different psychological stages of growth. Table 1: Brief Analysis of the different psychological theories TAQ: 2: 2.1 2.2 Name of Approaches How a named theory can explain development Identification of the core study Evaluation of the study and theory Cognitive Evolutionary theory Bowlby Lawson (2010) has mentioned evolutionary theory asserts that the instinctive attachment is the most conditional approach which arranges the typical psychological development of a person. This theory is intrinsic which entertains more strategical aspects (Lawson, 2010). The generic development also engages in the cognitive development of the psychology. Psychological development is more strategical aspect which leads to better responsiveness. Social Learning Theory Harlow The learning theory determines how this approach specifies better understanding approach of the learning statistics which can consider being one of the strengths of this theory. With learning, as critiqued by Rizq (2010) psychological development is literally effective. As pointed to by Collins (2013) the behavioral approach determines the bonding of the parents with the other people. Determining a better strategy for the psychological development is literally effective. This approach leads to the development of the human being at the same time. Emotional Psychodynamic Theory Genie Emotional development is the psychological ethics which leads to manage the analyzing a better strategical development. Psychological approach is the emotional factor which leads to the generic stemming of the human being. The Psychodynamic theory explains the necessary attributes which can consider being its strengths. In accordance with Boulton (2010) the propositional approach of development is better approach to manage the strategical managing of generalizing a better human development. The development of the person is better managing of the intricacies. TAQ: 3 Lawson (2010) specifies in the nature verses nurture debate nature is referred to the genetic and heredity structure having the psychophysical characteristics. On the other hand, nurture is considered to the environmental variables which impacts on the individual experiences. Both the terms nature and nurture although appear to be quite relative but viewing from the psychological perspective, these terms are having their individual identities and behavioral characteristics. Human mind, as pointed out by John Locke, is Tabula Rasa or a blank paper which can be rewritten. Therefore, as critically stated by Rizq (2010) from the days of begetting a child starts getting influenced by the nature and environment. But there are people who seemed to possess the controversial view in this matter. Development of the concept of blank slate for a long time has been extensively conflicted and debated. Genetic transmission of care or heritability is also genuine factors that have given fuel to this debate. Collins (2013) is of this view that people who adapts extreme heredity level appears to be known as nativists. Basic characteristics of human development in a large aspect is controlled and its paves way for the evolution. Biological changes are the genuine aspects which entertain the process of genetic development process. House (2010) has critically points out that every human being is containing an innate biological clock which with the time manages the programmed behavior. The psychological changes from the childhood to extreme adolescence not only ascertain the psychological development but also engage in the cognitive development. Although the nature attributes are quite detrimental in the approaches it insists the psychological development. But, on the contrary, Plato suggests for the certain things for a human life, no proper environmental influences come to assistance (Mishan, 2014). For an infant both the nature and nurturing attitudes are cohesive. In pretext of nurture, the approach of caregivers is quite inductive which not only helps in ensuring the physical growth, assures the mental development at the same time. The approach of care is carried by the genes forward and biologically assures the environmental genesis (Rake, 2010). Chomskys theory of language acquisition can state to be the effective approach of nurture. A child cries as it denies staying hungry. This manifests more intuitiveness and ascertains more generic approach. Papadima (2014) seems to have been critical in this approach while stating that this affirms the essential issues which influences in the environmental behavior. More to be added, strongest affluence in the nature and nurture structure maintains this intuitive structure. The psychological development of the infants is literally the affluent natter which maintains the potentialities and talent. This approach is creating more intricacies and developing intricacies. These factors are more intrinsic approach which leads to generate more intricacies (Mishan, 2014). The ethical approaches are more intuitive matters which let the organizational development. The ethical significance in this matter for a child is quite cohesive. This approach is more significant which leads to develop a human being. Throughout this current essay the researcher has stated the sophisticated approach of developing the human ethos. Psychological characteristics of the development of a human being are also stated in this approach of the research work. This essay emerges to be significant approach of narrating the ethical approaches. References Boulton, N. (2010). A learning experience.Psychodynamic Practice, 16(3), pp.253-256. Collins, B. (2013). 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