Affirmative Action :: essays research papers

Governmental policy regarding minorities in society A NECESSARY POLICY TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATION AND INEQUITIES Or then again A DISCRIMINATIVE AND INEQUITABLE POLCY Presentation Generally, there have been contentions about what Affirmative Action (AA) truly is. The premise of the contention generally, discusses the goal(s) of AA. Is the objective of AA to eradicate past disparities for the handicapped, minorities and additionally ladies without fight? Or then again is Affirmative Action a culture or soul that rewards decent variety and contrasts? Essentially there are two definitions or ways of thinking for AA. The main way of thinking is that AA is an umbrella term for laws and approaches that the United States Executive, Judicial, and administrative bodies have commanded. In particular, AA is a progression of social approaches and rules that control exercises and laws with the essential aim to accomplish value and increment open door for all. The second school of however is that AA is an umbrella term characterizing a more extensive arrangement of exercises whereby open and private establishments willfully join practices and polices to build assorted variety, opportunity and value. Under this way of thinking, AA is in soul and an institutional arrangement. The goal of this paper is to address the genuine and significant contentions of the two ways of thinking. Also, this paper will deliver issues comparative with deciding if AA is vital instrument for the downfall of segregation and the arrangement of equity and whether AA should be kept up, adjusted or ended. I. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society Background A. A Brief History of AA in the United States of American As opposed to prevalent thinking, the idea of AA really started preceding the official request marked by President John F. Kennedy in 1961. The idea of AA started upon the marking of Amendment XIII of the Constitution. 1. The Late 19the and Early twentieth Century America started to manage the disparities and absence of equity for mean of African average during the 1800s. As I would like to think, the underlying and most huge strategy or law comparative with AA was Amendment XIII to the Constitution. The thirteenth Amendment states, â€Å"Neither subjugation nor automatic bondage, aside from as a discipline for wrongdoing whereof the gathering will have been appropriately sentenced, will exist inside the United States, or wherever subject to their jurisdiction† (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 1). Further refered to, â€Å"Congress will have capacity to uphold this article by suitable legislation†, (US Constitution, Amendment 13, Section 2). While the plan of the thirteenth amendment was to annul subjection and start the long procedure of just and equivalent rights for every single American resident.

Multilingual learners in Primary classrooms Essay

Multilingual students in Primary study halls - Essay Example The outcome is one which makes an inconvenience to understudies that are bilingual and in a particular natural setting. Breaking down the approaches, rehearses and instructive necessities of understudies that are in a bilingual setting assists with building up a more grounded relationship to the stuff to work inside this setting. Perceptions of the Bilingual Classroom The main idea drew nearer is one which originates from perceptions of the study hall and the manner by which understudies communicate in a bilingual setting. While watching the study hall, I found that there were invite signs and strategies used to control understudies. These were in various dialects, which demonstrated a particular degree of help and capacity to grasp decent variety. The signs reached out to various learning materials, for example, body parts and days of the week, all which were set up in various dialects. The following portrayal was of the instructors and staff. There was no foundation dialects of sta ff utilized outside of English. The primary language was utilized constantly in all occasions. It was likewise noticed that there were not books in different dialects, with the desire that understudies ought to have the option to peruse in English. To attempt to keep with the assorted variety of the homeroom, understudies were put in bunches named via planets, all which depended on the assessment of learning. This permitted understudies who didn't communicate in English as a first language to have he capacity to work at their own pace. This shows there is a grasping of assorted variety and culture in the study hall. In any case, the educator capability and capacity to address the issues is one that is right now not being met. Strategies for Bilingual Children The assorted variety in study halls follows with arrangements which are normal for bilingual youngsters. The approaches that have been utilized for the training of bilingual youngsters depend on the perceptions made through gat hering guidelines and insights which have been seen inside this. Through an ongoing examination, it was noticed that bilingual kids who had just progressed in the language had more grounded outcomes and upgrades than other youngsters. Increasingly significant, schools which were progressing into higher numbers as far as execution had the option to address a greater amount of the issues of bilingual kids while making standard outcomes inside the requirements for understudies. The investigation directed by the Department of Education likewise demonstrated that the hole with bilingual understudies originated from the capacity for educators to have a feeling of certainty and skill with the understudies. This specific perspective would start to close the holes of learning while at the same time making more prospects with the learning activities for bilingual students. Like perceptions in the study hall, this shows the hole is with instructor assorted variety, absence of learning material s and substitute materials that lead to the learning holes (Department of Education, 2007). The creation under the Primary National Strategy in 2004 has attempted to change the holes with approaches and projects which are required by area. The systems have joined with finding various approaches to work with educators while offering new projects for understudies who are bilingual to become familiar with the required materials. The approaches depend on deliberately finding new arrangements that don’t permit kids to be abandoned inside the educational system while setting principles and necessities for offspring of assorted foundations to have similar accomplishments. The idea utilized depends on

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Essay -- Biography Biographies Bio

Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee Bouvier was conceived on July 28th, 1929 in East Hampton, Long Island. Jacqueline’s mother was Janet Lee Bouvier, an exceptionally aspiring horseback rider. Jacqueline was nicknamed "Jackie" after her dad, Jack Bouvier. Youthful Jackie’s guardians were an off coupled. Her dad had an expected fortune of 7 million dollars and Janet originated from a well off family likewise, her dad had been director of the leading body of Chase National Bank. Asides for the Bouviers riches, the other thing they were generally noted for was their magnificence, Jack specifically. His thin nose, wide set blue eyes, gleaming dark hair and strong form earned him the portrayal as "drippingly handsome". Jack’s front line senses, darkness, and love for wonderful young ladies earned him the epithet " Black Jack". Janet, who was sixteen years more youthful than Jack was not as lovely as he was attractive. Janet didn't have a showgirl attractiveness however she was said to have had an intriguing look. She was modest and had a to some degree energized look to her. Her nose and jaw were long and pointed. When Jackie was conceived it was cheerfully noticed that Jackie looked like Jack Bouvier. (Birmingham) Despite the fact that Janet Lee’s family was wealthy, they were not individuals from the regarded most noteworthy social position similar to the Bouviers. Janet carried on with her existence with a steady feeling of anxiety due to this distinction in lineage.(Birmingham) Since Black Jack was known for having unpredictable monetary history, James Lee, Janet’s father, offered to permit Janet and Jack to live lease free in a structure he claimed. This offer went under one condition. Jack would need to reduce his ostentatious way of life. (Heymann) On March third 1933, the Bouvier family was finished by the introduction of Jackie’s sister, Lee. At the point when Lee was conceived, Jackie was not, at this point the infant of the family.She invested the vast majority of her energy tending and riding her pony. Jackie likewise exceeded expectations in school. She was wise to the point that she discovered all her basic evaluation fill in as exhausting. Janet had once expressed that, "Jackie’s scholarly desire ran in front of her ordered age." (Heymann) Before long issues started happening between Black Jack and Janet. Jackie has never spoken about her parent’s marriage issues however they are thought to have emerged on account of cash. At the time Black Jack was und... ...e style. The position of safety way of life was difficult to acquire. The press was continually inquisitive if Jackie had any new love interests. At that point on October twentieth 1968, Jackie wedded Aristotle Onassis on the Greek island Scorpios. Aristotle was her sister’s ex, yet he was likewise the most extravagant man on the planet. Their relationship was fleeting. The couple had various tastes and their relationship had been censured from the earliest starting point. In walk 1975, Aristotle was anticipating separating Jackie, before he could do so he passed on. After his passing, Jackie turned out to be extremely rich. She required something to possess herself with so she turned into an editorial manager with Viking Press. After two years she moved over to Doubleday Press. In December on 1993, Jackie was determined to have non-Hodgkins lymphoma. She was treated for the ailment with chemotherapy until May of 1994. In may she proclaimed that she needed to come back to her home to bite the dust. On May 19, 1994, at 10:15 a.m., Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis passed on encompassed by her loved ones. Her burial service occurred at St. Ignatious Loyola church, a similar church where she was sanctified through water. She was later covered in Arlington burial ground close to John Kennedy.

Education reality Essay

Dealism Idealism is the otherworldly and epistemological regulation that thoughts or considerations make up crucial reality. Essen? partner, it is any way of thinking which contends that the main thing really understandable is cognizance (or the substance of awareness), though we never can be certain that mama? er or anything in the outside world truly exists. In this way, the main genuine articles are mental en es, not physical things (which exist just as in they are seen) Progressivism Progressivist accepts that distinction, progress, and change are basic to one’s educa? on. Accepting that individuals gain best from what they consider generally pertinent to their lives, progressivist fixates their educational programs on the necessities, encounters, interests, and abili? es of understudies. Progressivist instructors take a stab at making school interes? ng and valuable by arranging exercises that incite interest. In a progressivist school, understudies are air conditioning? vely learning. The understudies cooperate with each other and create social quali? es, for example, coopera? on and resistance for di&erent perspectives. Essen? alism It is an educa? onal reasoning whose disciples accept that youngsters ought to learn theâ tradi? onal essential subjects altogether and thoroughly. In this philosophical way of thinking, the point is to ins? ll understudies with the â€Å"essen? als† of scholastic information, enac? ng a straightforward methodology. Essen? alism guarantees that the amassed intelligence of our civiliza? on as educated in the tradi? onal scholarly trains is given from educator to understudy. Such teaches may incorporate Reading, Wri? ng, Literature, Foreign Languages, History, Mathema? cs, Science, Art, and Music. Besides, this tradi? onal approach is intended to prepare the psyche, advance thinking, andâ ensure a typical culture. Authenticity Realism, at its least difficult and generally broad, is the view that en es of a particular sort have an objec? ve reality, a reality that is totally ontologically autonomous of our theoretical plans, linguis? c prac? ces, convictions, and so on. Therefore, en es (counting unique ideas and universals just as progressively solid items) have a presence free of the demonstration of percep? on, and free of their names. Reconstruc? onism Social Reconstruc? onism is a way of thinking that underlines the tending to of social ques? ons andâ a mission to make a be? er society and overall majority rules system. Reconstruc? onist instructors center around an educational plan that features social change as the point of educa? on. Existen? alism It depends on the view that people de3ne their own significance throughout everyday life, and attempt to make ra? onal choices regardless of exis? ng in an irra? onal universe. It centers around the ques? on of human presence, and the inclination that there is no reason or explana? on at the center of presence. It holds that, as there is no God or some other extraordinary power, the best way to counter thisâ nothingness (and henceforth to 3nd importance throughout everyday life) is by grasping presence. Pragma? sm Pragma? sm is a rejec? on of the possibility that the func? on of thought is to portray, speak to, or reflect reality. Rather, pragma? sts believe thought to be a result of the interac? on among living being and condition. Accordingly, the func? on of thought is as an instrument or apparatus for predic? on, air conditioning? on, and critical thinking. Pragma? sts battle that most philosophical topicsâ€, for example, the nature of information, language, ideas, which means, conviction, and scienceâ€are all best saw regarding their prac?â cal uses and triumphs as opposed to as far as representa? ve precision Perennialism Believe that one should show the things that one esteems to be of everlas? ng per? nence to all individuals all over. They accept that the most significant themes build up an individual. Since subtleties of actuality change continually, these can't be the most significant. Accordingly, one should show standards, not realities. Since individuals are human, one should show 3rst people, not machines or methods. Since individuals are individuals 3rst, and laborers second if by any means, one should show liberal points 3rst, not voca? onal points.

Changes to Womens Rights Since 1945

Women’s rights have changed altogether after 1945 as thoughts that show ladies are second rate compared to men were being nullified to make a progressively equivalent society. Business, legislative issues and social change were factors that have been modified. Without these changes, Australia would at present be a sex †isolated society with defended thoughts that a women’s place is in the home. Preceding 1945, women’s rights were restricted in regions of work, legislative issues and social change. Ladies were relied upon to be housewives who were not qualified for a similar pay as men since society had a cherished thought that men sufficiently required to help a spouse and children.Also, ladies had constrained chances to voice their interests and interests out in the open places and endured against damaging family circumstances. This started to change when women's activists began to libber against these disparities. Work before 1945 demonstrated numerous imb alances among people because of contrasts in wage and out of line rights. The Equal Pay Case of 1972 was an occasion that started during the 70’s because of disparities of wages among people. The Whitlam government presented the lowest pay permitted by law for the two sexual orientations as a beginning for correspondence in the workplace.Another thing the Whitlam Government presented was free tertiary instruction for all ladies permitting social versatility. This opened ways to a more extensive scope of occupations like medication, nursing, or law and allowed ladies to be free. The Anti Discrimination Act of 1985 was a law made to preclude segregation dependent on sexual orientation or pregnancy for everybody from businesses to colleagues or in open territories. In spite of the fact that the equivalent compensation case was not a total achievement, presenting the lowest pay permitted by law, free tertiary instruction and the counter segregation act was a significant accomplis hment in changing women’s rights.Women had restricted voices to talk about issues of equity in governmental issues. This changed when women's activists, for example, Germaine Greer composed and urged ladies to be politically dynamic. The Women’s Electoral Lobby (WEL) was shaped in 1972, which pushed for childcare and maternity leave. In 1975, the Whitlam Government chose a women’s delegate Elizabeth Reid for address women’s rights in the political field. Governmental issues has changed enormously since 1945 as ladies legislators began to revitalize for women’s rights. Social change was a significant change in women’s rights from 1945 as various thoughts and perspectives were being voiced to drive change.In 1961, the presentation of the Birth Control Pill was a significant occasion that influenced many common laborers ladies. This pill allowed ladies to assume responsibility for their own body and lives as they would now be able to move into the workforce without the issues of leaving because of conceiving an offspring. Additionally, the new laws like the No Fault Divorce of 1975 and the changing of the assault laws in 1981 helped ladies get away from injurious connections and precluded men from separating from their mate for reasons unknown. The presentation of the pill and new laws gave ladies more control and security to ladies and this was a significant change in women’s rights from 1945.

[Guest Post] Olivia S. 20 en Monterrey

[Guest Post] Olivia S. ‘20 en Monterrey While some of us have spent the first week of freedom from classes doing essentially nothing (Im @ing myself), other MIT students have hit the ground running with meaningful projects such as the one that the brilliant Olivia S. 20 describes below. Enjoy the read! _,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,__,.-~-.,_ Monterrey, Nueva León, México- After finals, I decided to immediately flee the country, which is what I did through the Big Dreams program. I stumbled into this opportunity by accident when scrambling for a summer UROP by the direct funding deadline (weve all been there). When my soon-to-be supervisor, Dr. Abel Sanchez, saw on my resume que yo hablo español, he asked if I wanted to join a teaching innovative that he founded. Big Dreams started last year with 50 girls, 2 teachers, and 1 city. This year it is 600 girls, 30 teachers, 60 local TAs, and 6 cities. Next year, we plan to grow 10-fold again to more countries, but then the growth pattern will (likely) pause. Speaking of patterns, Patrones Hermosas or Beautiful Patterns is the name of the curriculum that is being taught in all of these locations. The curriculum is designed around algorithmic thinking; the first day we dove right into the stable matching problem. First, the girls worked with decks of cards to match 4 Reyes (Kings) and 4 Reinas (Queens) while trying to maximize the happiness of the matches based on the preferences of the royalty. Each group came up with their own method, some strategic and some less so, about how to solve this problem. Déspues, I, my co-teacher, Nidhi, and Aracely, our wonderful TA, taught the algorithm that can always be used to maximize happiness, called Gale-Shapley. Here is a picture of the girls working on this problem: Livin The Dream with Gale-Shapley The rest of the week was dedicated to more offline exercises in the morning, and coding exercises in the afternoon. There definitely were some bumps in the road, the language barrier being one of the biggest ones. Luckily, most of my Spanish came back from high-school and I was able to communicate with the girls and get around in the city in a mix of Spanglish. Translation only went awry once, when I tried to order fried plantains at a restaurant banana on a plate Computer science education, especially to young girls, is a cause that everyone involved with Big Dreams cares about and wants to see improve. Tech companies like Softtek, which is where I taught, who are opening their doors y cafeterías to this type of initiative are role-models for the rest of the industry. Thank you to Rosario and Hilda at Softtek for taking care of everything this week. Aracely, the best TA ever, in the funky chairs at Softtek Graciás a la University of Monterrey for hosting us on your beautiful campus. Thank you to Abel and the rest of the organizers for making this happen. Oh, and to Monterrey para las montañas Priya in the Sierra Madre Pankhuri and me in Barrio Antiguo Post Tagged #summer

Domestic Violence Hypothesis

Hypothesis Dissertation Based on research and statistics, it is known that domestic violence toward Asian women is pervasive. Twelve present of Asian and Pacific Islander women reported experiencing physical assault by an intimate partner at least once during their lifetime (Jaden Tonnes, 2000). Unfortunately, documented reports of abuse most likely under-represent the number of abused women due to the secretive and victimizing nature of domestic violence. Asian women may come from various cultural backgrounds, including Philippines, India, China, Korea, Thailand, and Japan to name few. Domestic violence is a devastating social ill that occurs much too frequently, particularly more so in cultures that emphasize the importance of upholding the family name. This ideation may often lead to enmeshed families who emphasize positive family attributes while minimizing or even denying negative aspects of the family environment. Further, stigmatizing issues such as domestic violence are most likely minimized or overlooked by other family members. In result, it may also be true that Asian women are discouraged from relying on friends outside of the family for support and assistance. Views of women in Asian countries may also contribute to the rate of domestic violence in Asian communities. Women have historically been looked upon as less valuable, able and intelligent in comparison to me. This view of women, although somewhat altered within most recent years, continues to be a global obstacle in the advancement of women. This view is particularly held strong in Asian communities, where it continues to be more widely accepted. Additionally, based on the views of the Asian population, womens advocate programs may be scarce ornonexistent. In areas where programs do exist, it may be extremely disloyal to the family to report instances of abuse or any other negative occurrence within the family home. Based on what is already known about victims of stranger violence, the effects of domestic violence appear to be dually devastating. An environment that is first assumed to be safe and comfortable is instead replaced by one that is tainted, ever threatening and without solace. Possibly the only support system the victim may have assumed to have is now stripped from her and replaced with fear and loneliness. The effects of this type of isolation usually lead to decreased self-esteem and increased feelings of shame and guilt; which may cause a ripple effect in many other areas of the victims life. Due to abuse, she may feel she cannot achieve her educational and/or career goals. She may be isolated from family and friends due to the perpetrators fear that they may find out she is being abused. The victim may feel tremendous shame and guilt for staying in an abusive relationship and thus, subjecting her children to such a volatile environment. Lastly, and most critically, the abuse can lead to the victims severe harm and many times even death. Literature Review In order to best understand the nature of domestic violence, it is vital to mention that the population being addressed is not homogenous one. Rather, when describing abused women, this description includes women who are physically and/or mentally disabled; it includes women who can and cannot read; and it includes women who do and do not speak the language of the country they are living in. It also includes women who come from any gamut of financially impoverished to very affluent backgrounds; and women who may be homemakers caring for young children to extremely successful career women. Additionally, although the focus of this piece of research relates to Asian women, it is valuable to note that women of all ethnicities are at risk of becoming victims of domestic violence (Yoshioka, 2001). Domestic violence advocates have investigated abusers patterns so that victims and advocates can better comprehend abusers pathological behaviors. The cycle of violence is a portrayal of the cyclical behaviors of abusers. It is described as three main phases. The first phase describes how the abuser becomes increasingly angry, which may include antagonizing the victim, calling her names and demeaning her. Avery large part of abuse is in the form of verbal and emotional attack. The abuser may tell the victim that she deserves the abuse and even state that she likes the abuse. He may tell her that no one else would want her. In the second phase, the abuser hurts his victim by inflicting physical and/or sexual acts toward her. Soon after violent episodes, the abuser will apologize for hurting his partner and may make promises he does not intend to keep, such as never hurting her again or promising to seek help. The abuser may also attempt to smooth over the situation by lavishing his partner with gifts. Unfortunately, the abuse does not stop there and instead, he will continue to repeat the cycle (Domestic Violence Awareness Project, 2005). Knowing that the abusers behaviours are part of a maladaptive cycle is useful in informing victims of this cycle. In this way, they do not begin to internalize the abuse and do not learn to believe that the abusers verbal, physical and sexual abuse is granted. Instead, understanding the abusers dysfunctional method of relating allows victims to attribute the abuse to the abuser instead of their own shortcomings. With this knowledge, victims are able to heal from the abuse and regain a feeling of self-worth (Yoshiaka, 2001). It is widely believed that Asian women of many regions are highly susceptible to lives of subjugation and servitude to their partners. This belief is attributed to a variety of cultural factors. It is hypothesized that women remain in abusive relationships due to the stigma that is placed on them if they leave their partner. In order to preserve family dignity, respect and honour, women many times do not speak out against abusive situations. In fact, due to the powerful traditional practices enforced within Asian communities, extended family members who do have knowledge of the abuse encourage women to tolerate the abuse. In a study by How (1990), she sought to examine the impact of domestic violence within the Asian population, specifically within Southeast Asians including Laotians, Khmer, Vietnamese, and Chinese. The researcher found that the impact of traditional Asian values such as close family ties, harmony and order do not necessarily send the message that abuse is unacceptable. Instead, women are expected to play a submissive role that includes values of fatalism, perseverance and self-restraint. Victims feel that if these qualities are maintained, they are showing respect to their families and bringing them great honour. Ultimately, victims feel they are honourable women who are fulfilling their spousal duties (How, 1990). Within the Asian-Indian population, the definition of relationship is nearly synonymous with marriage due to the cultures belief in arranged marriage. Arranged marriage is the practice in which parents select their childrens future husband or wife. Potential mates are then allowed to provide their input about his or her potential husband or wife. A lasting marriage is a symbolism of honour and respect, which in turn reflects upon the entire family. This is especially important for other siblings within the family, whose chances of being arranged depend greatly on their female siblings compliance to their husbands. Additionally, for couples who have female children, women may endure the abuse in order to protect their daughters name, or reputation. Otherwise, if the family secret is exposed or the woman leaves the relationship, a victims daughter may never have a chance of getting married because her family name is now tainted. Some Indian brides suffer dowry related abuse. A dowry is a material exchange given to the grooms family by the brides family in exchange for the grooms family inviting the bride into their family. Sometimes, the grooms family will demand more dowry money or other assets such as livestock, cars or jewelry. If the demands are not fulfilled, the bride may be severely mistreated physically, verbally and sexually by her new groom and in-laws (BBC Network, 2006). The article Domestic Violence and Asian Immigrant Women by M. Yoshioka(2001), explores the Asian communitys attitudes toward domestic violence. The researcher also desires to understand psychosocial factors regarding domestic violence within this population. Specifically, the study was developed to look at three areas that involved abuser approval of abuse: situation-specific approval of violence; endorsement of male privilege; and perceived alternatives to abuse. The setting of the study takes place in New York, which compels the researcher to pose questions regarding Asian families views and struggles with domestic violence in the context of an immigrant country. Yoshiaka also implemented an assessment tool that was specifically created to gather information about attitudes regarding abuse titled, the Revised Attitudes toward Wife Abuse Scale (RAWA),which was developed by Yoshiaka and Dania (1999). In order to develop this assessment tool, 650 surveys of Chinese, Cambodian, Korean, Vietnamese, and South Asian adults were gathered. Immigrant families contend with many obstacles. Abusive environments further complicate the hurdles that exist for women who are taken out of their familiar homeland elements. Based on these dynamics, victims of abuse in this type of environment are further isolated due to possible separation from family of origin, language barrier, and lack of knowledge about the host countrys view of abuse and provision of supportive services. Researchers found that it is a complex interweaving of cultural, environmental, and interpersonal factors that contribute to the possibility for domestic violence within the immigrant population. They identify values such as privacy, honour, self-restraint, harmony, and order (Hosted, 1984; Hu Chen, 1999; Kerkrade, Tang, Westwood, 1991; McLaughlin Braun, 1998) as factors that may minimize the severity of domestic violence within the culture (Ho,1990). Additionally, immigrants support system is usually left behind in their homeland, which strips them of supportive family and friends who could otherwise support and advice victims. Further, they may not be knowledgeable of the support services available in their host country. Another factor that contributes to isolation is a possible language barrier (Das Dasgupota Warrier, 1996). Lack of command of the host countrys language could be absolutely devastating and fearful for a victim who is already isolated from a support system and familiar environment. Results from the study showed that gender, ethnicity and witness to parental abuse were factors contributing to greater acceptance of wife abuse. Males were more likely to endorse abuse, particularly Cambodian men when compared with Chinese men. Additionally, children who witnessed their mothers being abused were more likely to view abuse as acceptable. Researchers made a final and significant point, stating that although Asian immigrants are categorized within one category, there are apparent differences in Asians views of spousal abuse. Methodology In describing domestic violence toward Asian women and its effects, it was first necessary to describe what a victim is like. Unfortunately, the general public assumes that a battered woman is most likely quite vulnerable in that she is uneducated, passive and weak. Some even believe that a victim enjoys the abuse. Many people wonder why an abused woman does not simply leave her relationship. The reality is that anyone could be a victim, regardless of age, race, disability status, financial status, and education. This is why it was important to describe the profile of a victim at the beginning to emphasize that there is no typical profile. Anyone could become victim to abuse by simply trusting that her partner will care for her with respect. Victims could also be boys and men, however, for the purpose of this research, this population was not addressed to any capacity. Additionally, cultural norms of other ethnicities were not explored duet the focus of this research being solely on Asian women. However, some of the studies included in this research included comparative data between Asian women and women of other nationalities. The cycle of violence was also explained. It is a critical factor in understanding abusers behaviours for the purpose of providing services to abusers and especially to provide victims with an understanding of what they are experiencing and why. Many sufferers of domestic violence are told what is deficient in them. Over time, they begin to believe these untruths. In investigating the intricacies of domestic violence and how it affects the Asian population specifically, it was important to provide examples of various cultures norms regarding the views and treatment of women. Although all Asian countries cultural norms and sub-cultural idiosyncrasies were not described within the context of this research, some cultures customs were explored. Although it is important to obtain an exhaustive understanding about various Asian cultures it is vital to acknowledge that several idiosyncrasies exist within each country, every city and even every subculture. Thus, it was important to explore research that explained this factor of culture. Further, its difficult to generalize that one particular culture or sub-culture has a set template of norms, therefore, descriptions of cultural norms were described with care and consideration. It should be noted that when speaking of any given culture, it is not to be assumed that the description exclusively applies to each and every person within particular culture. Therefore, application of cultural norms should be understood with the idea that no one culture is completely homogenous. All in all, it is important to have a balanced understanding of cultural norms that do not over-generalize a culture and yet do take into consideration that there is a majority view about most issues. General data on domestic violence was quite accessible. Many forms of information exist that assists in understanding the nature of abuse and its effects. There is also a wealth of information about the type of support available to victims of abuse and perpetrators. The Internet Isa plentiful source for finding local agencies and support groups relating to domestic violence. Information was also discovered through various modes of literature books, journal articles and magazines. Visual media can also be accessed via Internet, videotape, DVD and television programming that advocates for victims rights and disseminates other information for advocates, victims and perpetrators. Due to the directed nature of this piece, it was necessary to not only search for general information about domestic violence, but instead, there was a need for materials about domestic violence within the Asian population. With this need came the task of finding out as much as possible about the many categories of Asians that exist and to also find the most amount of information about each category and sub-category. This was found to be a gruelling task, because contrary to belief, there are several classifications within the category known as Asian. Compounding this point was the lack of abundant information regarding domestic violence in various Asian cultural contexts. Additionally, little information was found about supportive services within many Asian communities, most probably due to the cultural views regarding keeping personal information within the family and also duet the accepting views toward abuse. Fortunately, much of the information found did include the many facets of violence within the Asian population, such as provision of statistical data of how many women of various cultures reported spousal abuse; perpetrators views about abuse; perpetuation of these views duet cultural beliefs about abuse; long-term effects on abused women and children; availability of treatment; treatment modalities; and laws that now protect women against violence. Discussion The devastating effects of domestic violence have been brought into the forefront of popular culture only within the past twenty years ago. Since then, and probably long before on a smaller scale, advocates have been working vigorously to service domestic violence victims and expose the horrific nature of its effects. This has included conducting research with women, children and perpetrators; attempting various forms of therapeutic modalities to address the after-effects; provision of abuser services; and exposure of domestic violence through written and visual media. Through these efforts, victim advocates have provided support to thousands of women who otherwise would either continue to live a life of isolating despair or alternatively, lose their lives to domestic violence. Unfortunately, the amount of information and support services that are available vary widely based on victims geographical location, largely due to the level of tolerance toward domestic violence. Naturally, the more a society believes an act is a crime, the more intensive the work toward ending it. However, other factors exist that inhibit further research toward ending violence against Asian women. Many Asian countries are horribly impoverished and do not have the means to either conduct necessary research nor provide protection and services to women and their children. Victim advocates contend with many hurdles under these types of conditions. Funding is not available to do the necessary work involved. In supporting women who are or have suffered domestic violence, the need for many levels of support is needed. Women who are currently in an abusive relationship are most likely stripped of many basic needs and resources. For instance, abused women may not have access to finances, a car or other transportation, food supply, proper clothing and medical care. In order for domestic violence advocates to provide for these needs, they must have the proper financial backing. With financial resources, food pantries could be created, medical care could be made available, shelters could be built and transportation could be provided to important locations such as homes of supportive family, friends, and religious institutions. For women who decide to leave abusive relationships, services such as transitional living could be made available. Providing a safe living environment would be paramount for Asian women, particularly due to the lack of support received by family members, immediate family included. If a woman were to leave her husband to seek out the support of immediate family, the victim would be turned away in most cases and encouraged to return to the abusers home. This suggestion is based on the familys unwillingness to dishonour the family name by having daughter who left her husband. Further, they do not want to offend the grooms family by displaying their disapproval toward the abuse. Women who decide to leave their partner also require additional support services such as referrals for educational and vocational services. If they have children, they may need childcare services so that the women can seek employment to support themselves and their children. Education related to cultural views about abuse is also necessary. Its important to debunk societal norms that accept abuse. For an Asian woman, leaving her spouse is directly contradictory to everything she learned about achievement of life goals since she was a child. From childhood, many Asian parents clearly define their daughters role in society as children, as adolescents, and ultimately, as adults. The ultimate goal is to marry into a distinguished, successful family that is willing to accept a deserving woman into their lives. Being trained in this way for essentially all of their lives, it is often complicated task for an abused woman to understand why she is worthy of making her own choices and living her life in the way she chooses, which includes being free of any level of abuse. As stated earlier in the Method section, it was mentioned that there was not ample research in the area of domestic violence in the Asian community. This is not to say that there is not enough to support those who would like to know more about domestic violence. However, there seems to be a great need for extensive research and investigation into the many cultures within the Asian population and the effects of domestic violence in these communities. By further understanding the nature of abuse in this context, service providers are able to more effectively provide the type of services needed by Asian women. Conclusion Domestic violence research in the Asian population is still in its infancy. Considering that fact that domestic violence has not been intended to for so long provides a time frame that suggests that although there is not an abundance of work toward attending to Asian victims, there have been some concrete efforts in its progression. Delving into the intricacies of domestic violence within this population is no easy task, and will not be going forward. There are many hindrances to gaining swift and accurate information about Asian womens suffering, although it is urgently needed. One of the biggest hurdles that have been discussed within this research is Asians cultural views regarding secrecy of family troubles. A woman is not only betraying her husband if she discloses abuse, but she is also shaming both her in-laws and her family of origin by disturbing the family structure and name. Although some parents would provide their support in a situation such as this, most would not. Therefore, the victim knows she has nowhere to go. Not only is family name at stake. Compounding this pressure is the fact that women are not highly regarded within most Asian cultures. Therefore, no one considers her desires and needs. Instead, she must does she is commanded, which usually involves fulfilling caretaking responsibilities for other members of the family. A woman in Asian society is considered similarly as a child. She does not have many skills that would be useful other than household responsibilities, she must be watched, and she is not knowledgeable about many subjects. Based on this outlook, how is it possible to fathom that she may need to be attended to properly? For any social change to occur towards the treatment of Asian women, it is a necessity that views of women themselves also change. In speaking of women who suffer from spousal abuse, it is vital to discuss the effects of abuse of others in the home that are also experiencing the abuse. Children are particularly susceptible to inaccurate methods of dealing with life circumstances due to inexperience. Therefore, those who are also experiencing abuse or even witnessing it learn that violence is the answer to lifes obstacles. Further, children of abused women do not have high regard for their mothers due to their observation that she is being mistreated by their father. Thus, they too learn to become abusive toward their mothers, and in turn continue to repeat the cycle of abuse. In essence, they inherit this devastating method of dealing with life throughout childhood and on into adulthood. Children who were once victims and/or witnesses of domestic abuse now become the perpetrators, simply due tithe lack of knowledge that alternatives exist. Intervention is absolutely necessary to protect abused women. However, for long-term gain, intervention is also essential. Without an outlook toward the future, there will be no end to violence, but instead only bandaging of pain and suffering that has already occurred. There is no guarantee that prevention work will decrease the prevalence of domestic violence in Asian families, particularly due to strong views opposing the idea of regarding women equally. However, there is great possibility that given time, views will change and progress will be made. It is a difficult yet courageous and commendable feat to attempt to eradicate abuse from the lives of Asian women. However, as seen within this research, the reality currently remains that leaving relationship may not appear to be the most appealing option for women who have received life-long training to dedicate their lives to servitude to their spouses. Additionally, they also know that there are few positive alternatives to leaving their spouse. They may be destitute with no support from their families of origin. They have no source of financial or emotional support. They may risk ever seeing their children again. And most regrettably, they are endangering their lives by attempting to leave. Thousands of cases are reported in the United States and United Kingdom stating that women have lost their lives to spousal abuse. In these countries, most people agree that thesis a horrible tragedy and work toward changing the occurrence of such heinous crimes. Alternatively, Asian communities have very high tolerance and indeed acceptance of domestic violence to the extent that very few people openly show their disgust against it. In fact, it is encouraged and applauded. It is seen as being a well-deserved and appropriate punishment. Women can well expect being burned to death on account of their parents inability to pay off the grooms family. Adwoman can be openly beaten without neither family nor strangers attempting to put an end to it. How then can it be stopped? Ending an evil such as this without a sense of social responsibility is extremely difficult. Further, work with abusers is nearly impossible, knowing that this method of relating to partners has been cultivated and accepted in the minds of Asian men. Moreover, because the Asian community believes in resolving familial issues amongst each other, many abusers would not be receptive to counselling. Even in the case that an abuser agreed to seek counselling, other family members may not be supportive of this type of resolution, instead viewing it as disloyalty and abandonment of the family. Due to the abundance of obstacles to ending violence in the Asian community, it becomes clear that abuse toward women within the Asian population will surely be maintained for now. However, it is also hopeful to state that progress will be made, based on the progress that has already been achieved. 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